this design was delayed in its execution, and Higgins' Mirror did not go to press till 1587. The additions to the new volume were numerous and valuable. In the estimation of Warton the "Legend of Queen Cordelia," King Lear's youngest daughter, forming part of the contribution of Higgins to the earlier section of the work, conveys a favourable idea of the writer's poetical powers and taste. The edition of 1587 remained till recently the best and standard version; but it has been superseded since 1815 by the labours of Haslewood. Higgins probably died after 1602. In that year John Higgins, generally identified with him, published at Oxford a tract called "An Answer to William Perkins concerning Christ's Descension into Hell."—W. C. H.
HIGGONS, Sir Thomas, was born in 1624 at Westburgh in Shropshire, of which his father enjoyed the living. Higgons finished his education at St. Alban hall, Oxford, but did not take a degree. He did not enter parliament till after the decease of Cromwell, and his zeal in the royalist cause procured him, on the Restoration, a pension and spurs. Sir Thomas afterwards went ambassador to the courts of Dresden and Vienna. He died very suddenly at London on the 24th November, 1691. He left behind him a "Funeral Oration" (pronounced at the decease of his first wife), 1656; a "Panegyric to the King," 1660, 4to; and a "History of Isuf Bassa, Captain-general of the Ottoman Empire," 1684.—His son, Bevil, born in 1672, a member of the Middle temple, and a historian of some repute, died in France in 1735.—W. C. H.
HIGGS, Griffin or Griffith, an English theologian, born near Henley in Oxfordshire, at Stoke Abbas or South Stoke; studied at Reading school and St. John's college, Oxford, which he entered in 1606. Soon after taking his B.A., he wrote in elegant Latin verse a life of Sir T. White, founder of his college. He afterwards took orders, and in 1627 went to the Hague as chaplain to the queen of Bohemia, sister of Charles I., where he remained twelve years. In 1630 he took his D.D. at Leyden; on his return to England he became rector of Cliffe, near Dover, and chanter of St. David's, and in 1638 dean of Lichfield, but lost his preferments during the Commonwealth, and died in 1659. He published "Problemata Theologica" and "Miscellaneæ Theses Theologicæ," Leyden, 1630. In 1816 appeared his "True and Faithful Relation of the rising and fall of Thom. Tucker of Alba Fortunata," &c.—B. H. C.
HIGHMORE, Joseph, an English historical and portrait painter of some reputation in his time, was born in London in 1692, and was brought up to the law; but afterwards entered the academy of Sir Godfrey Kneller, and became a painter. He painted a set of portraits of the knights of the bath; but his reputation now rests almost entirely on a very good practical work on perspective—"The Practice of Perspective on the Principles of Dr. Brook Taylor," 4to, London, 1763. Highmore was evidently a man of great accomplishments. He was also the author of an "Examination" of Rubens' ceiling at Whitehall; and he had a good knowledge of anatomy. He also illustrated some of Richardson's novels. He died in 1780 at Canterbury, and was buried in the cathedral.—R. N. W.
HIGHMORE, Nathaniel, physician and anatomist, the son of a clergyman, was born at Fording-bridge, Hampshire, February 6, 1613. In 1642 he obtained the degree of M.D. at Oxford. He then settled at Sherbourn in Dorsetshire, where he practised during the remainder of his life. According to Wood he obtained a great local reputation for professional skill. He died in 1685, aged seventy-one, and was buried at Caundlepurse, Dorset, of which parish his father had been rector. He is chiefly remembered for his description of the cavity in the superior maxillary bone, which still bears his name. He has, however, no claim to its discovery, as it had been previously described by Cassorius. His medical writings display considerable thought, but are deeply tinctured with the credulity of the age. His principal work is the "Corporis Humani Disquisitio Anatomica," printed at the Hague in 1651. In 1660 he published a treatise on the passio hysterica, and on hypochondriasis. He was also the author of some papers on mineral springs which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions.—F. C. W.
HILARION (Saint), the founder of monasteries in Palestine, was born in 291, at Tabatha, a village about five miles from Gaza. He was sent to be educated at Alexandria, where he became a christian. About 306 he retired to the desert to see and converse with St. Antony; and resolved to embrace the monastic life. On returning home he found his parents dead, and divided his inheritance among his relatives and the poor. He retired to a desert near the sea and built himself a rude cell. There his self-mortification, voluntary privations, rags and dirt, raised his fame and attracted many followers. These he drafted off from time to time, and so founded many monasteries in Syria and Palestine. Sozomen and Jerome, his biographers, commend him for his knowledge of the scriptures. He removed from Palestine to Lybia, then to Sicily, and then to Cyprus, where he died about 371. The miracles wrought at his tomb induced Hesychius, one of his followers, to steal his relics and carry them to Palestine.—B. H. C.
HILARY or HILARIUS, surnamed Diaconus, to distinguish him from others of the same name, was a native of Sardinia, and a deacon of the church at Rome. Along with some others, he was deputed in 350 by Pope Liberius to carry letters to Constantius, and to plead the cause of orthodoxy against the Arians at the council of Milan. On his arrival he was not only exposed to contumely, but was ordered to be scourged along with his companions. In the year following he was sent into exile. His sufferings seem only to have had the effect of driving him to extreme views. Two works are imputed to Hilary, the one, "Quæstiones in Vet. et Nov. Test.," usually printed with Augustine's works; and the other "Commentarii in Epp. S. Pauli," among those of Ambrose.—W. L. A.
HILARY or HILARIUS, Bishop of Poitiers: having embraced christianity after he had arrived at maturity, he was about the year 350 elected to the bishopric of Poitiers, his native city. He was a married man, and, though ordained a bishop, he continued, according to apostolic rule and usage, to live with his wife, who was also a christian. He became a vehement opponent of the Arian party, his zeal against whom brought him under the displeasure of the Emperor Constantius, by whom he was in 356 banished to Phrygia. After four years he returned to his see, and pursued with still greater determination his attacks upon the Arians. His zeal had carried him even when in exile to Constantinople, where his presence was found so annoying to the dominant party that he was ordered to his bishopric, an order which he gladly obeyed. For some time he found sufficient occupation in purging his own diocese of the heretical leaven which had been suffered to get into it, and was so successful in this that, as Sulpicius Severus testifies, by his means all Gaul was delivered from the foul crime of heresy. About 368 or 309 he went to Milan, where he impeached Auxentius, the bishop of that city, as a leader of the Arian party, and held a dispute with him in the presence of the emperor; but Auxentius having taken care not to commit himself to any heretical views, Hilary retired in disgust, charging his opponent with hypocrisy. He died, January 13, 368. His extant works are numerous; the most important are his treatise "De Trinitate," in twelve books; his "Commentarium in Evangelium Matthæi;" and his "Comm. in Psalmos." They are marked by vigour and acuteness, but show little exegetical ability and no learning. The best edition of his works is that edited by the Benedictines, Paris, 1693, vol., republished by Maffei, Verona, 1730, 2 vols. fol.—W. L. A.
HILARY (Saint), Bishop of Aries, was born of noble parents in a border town between Lorraine and Champagne about 401. He was related to Honoratus, abbot of Lérins, and afterwards bishop of Arles, whom he succeeded. In resisting the undue interference of Pope Leo I. in his diocese, he became an object of dislike to the pope, and exposed himself to his resentment, more especially in the matter of Celindonius, bishop of Besançon, who had been deposed by a council at which Hilary presided. Leo replaced Celindonius in his see, and shortly afterwards took occasion to depose Hilary. He continued, however, in the exercise of his pastoral duties amid the affection and veneration of his flock. His death, which was caused by the austerity and anxieties of his life, occurred on 5th May, 449. He was canonized by the Romish church, and his epitaph was composed by St. Honoratus of Marseilles. The only genuine works of his which have come down to us, are his life of and funeral oration over his predecessor, St. Honoratus; a poem on the commencement of the book of Genesis; and a short epistle to Eucherius, bishop of Lyons—the whole of which are printed in the Bibliotheca Patrum.—E. L—n.
HILARY, Pope, succeeded Leo I. in the papal chair, 12th November, 461. He was a Sardinian by birth, and was created an archdeacon by Leo, by whom also he was sent as legate to
