in its columns from 1850 to 1854, and were generally ascribed to Mr. Hope, whom the university of Oxford had enabled to use those initials. They were afterwards republished in a separate form. Mr. Hope remained member for Maidstone up to the year 1852, when he ceased to represent it, but was re-elected in the March of 1857. As a politician, he has distinguished himself by his opposition to the abolition of church rates, and to the proposed legislation sanctioning marriage with a deceased wife's sister. Recently he has come forward as a champion of the claims of the hop planters to a repeal of the hop duty. Mr. Hope has taken a prominent part in the art-movement of the age, and published in 1858 a lecture entitled "The Common Sense of Art." In the controversy connected with the rebuilding of our public offices he has also been prominent; his views on this subject are enforced in a pamphlet published in 1857—it has gone through several editions—entitled "Public Offices and Metropolitan Improvements," advocating a river-side park and the construction of one grand "Gothic palace of administration." The erection of the architecturally beautiful church in Margaret Street, London, and that of St. Augustine's college, Canterbury, were carried out under Mr. Hope's superintendence, and are understood to be partly due to Mr. Hope's munificence. To the Cambridge Essays for 1858 he contributed a thoughtful and striking paper on "Newspapers and their Writers," supporting the claims of journalism and journalists to due social recognition. In 1861 he published a volume entitled "The English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century." In 1859 he contested the representation of Cambridge university, but did not proceed to a poll. Mr. Hope married in 1842 the Lady Mildred Cecil, eldest daughter of the eighth marquis of Salisbury. In 1854 he prefixed the surname of Beresford to Hope in compliance with the wish of his relative Viscount Beresford, to whose English estates he succeeded.—F. E.
HOPE, John, a distinguished Scottish botanist and physician, was born at Edinburgh on the 10th May, 1725. He was the son of Mr. Robert Hope, a surgeon, whose father. Lord Rankeilor, had been one of the senators of the college of justice. After finishing his academical education at Edinburgh, he visited other medical schools, such as Leyden and Göttingen. He also prosecuted the study of botany at Paris under Bernard Jussieu. He graduated as doctor of medicine at Glasgow on 29th January, 1750, and was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh on the 6th May of the same year. He afterwards settled in Edinburgh. On 13th April, 1761, he was appointed king's botanist for Scotland and keeper of the royal garden at Edinburgh; and on the 25th of the same month he was elected by the town council of Edinburgh, successor to Dr. Alston in the professorship of botany and materia medica in the university of Edinburgh. He was admitted to office on 30th April, 1761. In February, 1762, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He continued for six years to lecture on botany in summer, and on materia medica in winter. In 1768 he resigned the professorship of materia medica, and lectured on botany only. He was a zealous teacher of botany, and was the first to introduce the Linnæan system into Scotland. He did much to promote the taste for botanical science among students. The Edinburgh botanic garden under his auspices was much improved, both as regards its situation and its support. He got it put under the direction of the crown, and secured for it an excellent locality at Leith Walk. Dr. Hope published in 1767 "Tirocinium Botanicum in usum Juventutis Academiæ Edinensis," along with a list of one hundred and ninety-five officinal plants. He was a fellow of many learned societies both at home and abroad, and was president of the Royal College of Physicians. He died on the 10th November, 1786, after a brief illness, in the sixty-second year of his age.—J. H. B.
HOPE, Sir John, Baron Niddry, and fourth Earl of Hopetoun, a distinguished military officer, was the second son of John, second earl, and was born in 1766. He entered the army as a volunteer in his fifteenth year. In 1784 he received a cornetcy in the 10th regiment of light dragoons, and attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1793. He served for three years with great distinction in the West Indies, as adjutant-general to Sir Ralph Abercromby. On his return home in 1796 he was returned to parliament as member for the county of Linlithgow. He attended the expedition to Holland in 1799, and was so severely wounded at the Helder that he was compelled to return home. In the following year he joined the expedition to Egypt under his old commander Sir Ralph Abercromby, and was wounded at the battle of Alexandria. The rank of major-general and the office of deputy-governor of Portsmouth were conferred upon him as the reward of his services. But he resigned this post on his appointment to active service in the force under Lord Cathcart sent to the continent in 1805. He served next as lieutenant-general under Sir John Moore, and acquired great distinction by his masterly and intrepid march at the head of three thousand infantry and nine hundred cavalry, with a large park of artillery and ammunition, through an uncultivated country overrun by the enemy, from the Tagus to Salamanca, where he effected a junction with his commander-in-chief. He had a most laborious and perilous duty to perform in the memorable retreat which followed. He commanded the left wing at the battle of Corunna, 16th January, 1809; and after Moore was killed and Sir David Baird was wounded, the chief command devolved upon General Hope. The embarkation of the troops was effected by him in the course of the night with the most perfect order and success, in the face of a superior enemy. On his return to England General Hope received the thanks of both houses of parliament, with the order of the bath; and his elder brother was created a British peer. Sir John was nominated to the command of the military department of the unfortunate expedition to the Scheldt, which was ruined through the gross mismanagement of others. He was next appointed in 1813 commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland, but speedily quitted that post to return to the scene of his former exploits in the peninsula. He commanded the left wing of the British army at the battle of Nivelle, in which Soult was defeated; and repulsed an attack of the French on the 10th of December, and took a large number of prisoners. His cool, judicious, and soldierly conduct on this occasion was warmly eulogized by the duke of Wellington in his despatches. After the British army entered France General Hope was instructed to invest Bayonne, and was wounded and taken prisoner in a sortie made by the garrison, 14th April, 1814, four days after the conclusion of peace and the abdication of Napoleon. On the 3rd of May Sir John was created a British peer by the title of Baron Niddry; and on the death of his brother in 1816 he succeeded to the title of Earl of Hopetoun, and the extensive estates of the family. His lordship died in 1823, deeply and deservedly regretted. No fewer than four monuments have been erected to his memory, besides an equestrian statue placed in St. Andrew's Square, Edinburgh.—J. T.
HOPE, Sir Thomas, an eminent Scottish lawyer and statesman who flourished about the close of the sixteenth and during the first half of the seventeenth century, was the son of Henry Hope, merchant in Edinburgh. He was called to the bar at an early age, and in 1606 acquired a great reputation by his courageous and able defence of six clergymen who had incurred the displeasure of the court. He became in consequence a great favourite with the presbyterian party, who consulted him in all their undertakings. Charles I. endeavoured to gain over the great lawyer by appointing him king's advocate in 1627, and creating him a baronet of Nova Scotia in the following year. But he steadfastly adhered to his early friends, and aided them by his sagacious advice in all their plans for the maintenance of their religious privileges. Sir Thomas was appointed commissioner to the general assembly in 1643—an honour never before or since conferred upon a commoner; and two years later he was appointed one of the commissioners for managing the exchequer. He died in 1646. Sir Thomas was the author of "Major and Minor Practicks," and some Latin poems. He acquired very extensive estates; and was the ancestor of the earls of Hopetoun and of the great commercial family of the Hopes of Amsterdam.—J. T.
HOPE, Thomas, connoisseur, novelist, and philosopher, was a member of the eminent commercial Scotch family, long known as the Hopes of Amsterdam, and was born in 1767. From an autobiographical passage in the introduction to his posthumous work, the "Historical Essay on Architecture," we learn that he was left his own master at the age of eighteen, when he started on an extensive tour to gratify his taste for architecture, which had been a passion with him from infancy. After eight years' exploration of architectural models and remains in Europe, Asia, and Africa, he settled in England; and the possessor of a magnificent fortune, he enlarged his mansion in Duchess Street, Portland Place, London, adorning it with
