of the pope. He died in the October of 1855. From 1852 he had represented Meath in the house of commons.—F. E.
LUCAS, Paul, a distinguished French traveller, a native of Rouen, was born in 1664. Having a partiality for travel, he at an early age visited Greece, Turkey, Egypt, and other countries. During his stay abroad he entered the service of the Venetians against the Turks in 1688; at length, however, in 1696, he returned home, bringing a precious collection of medals and other curiosities, which he deposited in the cabinet of the king, who named him his own antiquary in 1704, and commanded him to write an account of his travels. In 1723 Louis XV. sent him again to the Levant which he had visited already several times, and he returned with valuable manuscripts and other rarities. In 1736 he visited Spain, and died at Madrid the following year. The accounts of his travels are comprised in several volumes, published at different times, and it is said were mainly composed by other persons. Some of his statements were very severely criticised, and there is no doubt that he is often guilty of gross exaggeration. His works are, however, both curious and amusing, and contain information of permanent value. In one place he speaks of a pyramid a thousand feet high which he saw; and he also boasted of having seen the demon Asmodeus in Upper Egypt. His chief merit was that of an indefatigable collector of curiosities.—B. H. C.
LUCAS, Richard, D.D., a religious and ethical writer, was born in Radnorshire in 1648. Educated at Jesus college, Oxford, he entered the church, and after having been master of the free school at Abergavenny, was appointed for his gifts as a preacher vicar of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, and lecturer of St. Olave's, Southwark. "Blindish when young," says Anthony Wood, "he completely lost in his old age the use of his sight." He published many sermons. Of his other works the best remembered are his "Enquiry after Happiness," 1685, which has been several times reprinted; and his "Practical Christianity," 1700. He died in June, 1715.—F. E.
* LUCAS, Samuel, editor and critic, was born at Bristol, and was educated at Bath, and at the university of Oxford; he distinguished himself at the latter, and specially by his powers of composition both in prose and verse. His Oxford prize poem, "The Sandwich Islands," was published in 1841; and his prize essay, "The Causes and Consequences of National Revolutions among the Ancients and Moderns compared," in 1845. Mr. Lucas was the first editor of the Press, founded in 1853 as the organ of the neo-conservative party. After the death of the late Samuel Philips he, it is understood, became the chief literary critic of the Times. In 1859, on the establishment of Once a Week, he also accepted the post of editor of that periodical. Mr. Lucas has published, with an introduction, "Charters of the old English Colonies in America," 1850; "History as a Condition of Social Progress," 1853; and he is the author of several pamphlets on colonial and Indian subjects, including "Dacoitee in Excelsis, or the spoliation of Oude." He has contributed various articles to the Quarterly, Edinburgh, &c.—F. E.
LUCATELLI or LOCATELLI, Andrea, a distinguished Italian landscape painter, was born at Rome about 1660, and was the son and pupil of Pietro Lucatelli, a scholar of Ciro Ferri. He imitated Van Bloemen or Orrizzonte in his landscapes, but he painted also genre pictures and battle-pieces, and excelled in views of ruins. Some of his works are in the Doria gallery in Rome, and some are in the Dresden gallery. Lucatelli sometimes painted in conjunction with Paolo Anesi at Milan. He died in Rome in 1741.—(Lanzi.)—R. N. W.
LUCENA, Joao de, a Portuguese jesuit, born in 1548; died in 1600. He was famous as a preacher, and still more so as the author of an excellent "Life of Francisco de Xavier," which has been frequently reprinted and translated, and maintains its place as a classical work.—F. M. W.
LUCHETTO da Genova. See Cambiaso, Luca.
LUCIAN, a Greek writer, was born at Samosata, the capital of Commagene, about 120. His parents were poor, and he was apprenticed to an uncle who was a statuary. But he ran away, after having been severely chastised for his first unsuccessful attempt in the art. Having wandered about for some time in Ionia, we find him afterwards at Antioch, practising as an advocate. A good part of his life was spent in travelling through Greece, Italy, Gaul, and other places, where he carried on the profession of a rhetorician with considerable success. He seems to have remained longest in Athens, and to have gained most emolument in Gaul. It is unlikely that he continued long at Rome. When he was about forty years of age he returned to his native land, and abandoned his former profession. His love of foreign travel, however, did not forsake him, as he visited Achaia, Ionia, and Paphlagonia; in which last place he went to the oracle of Alexander the impostor and tried to detect his artifices. He incurred his hatred by advising Rutilianus not to marry his daughter. After being dismissed by Alexander with gifts, and provided with the loan of a vessel, he learnt at sea that the master and crew had received orders to throw their passenger into the deep. But the master saved his life. He was put ashore at Ægialus, and afterwards got on board a ship to Amastris. In the latter part of his life, having lost all his property, he obtained the situation of procurator of Egypt from Severus; and held it under Commodus till his death. It is thought that he was married: he himself mentions a son. We cannot tell whether he died of gout or not; but it is certain that he lived to old age. That he was torn to pieces by dogs as a punishment for his impiety, or that he was an apostate from Christianity or ridiculed the scriptures, are statements which appear to be the pure invention of enemies. Gesner has proved that he was not the author of Philopatris, and therefore he was no apostate. If his own account of himself is to be believed, he hated pride, falsehood, vain-glory; and loved truth, simplicity, and plain speaking. But we cannot rely on this statement implicitly; that his taste was rather impure, may be inferred from some of his pieces. His works are very numerous, though some have been falsely attributed to him. They have been classed under different heads, the rhetorical, the critical, the biographical, romances, dialogues, miscellanies, poems. The most important, and those on which his fame rests, are the dialogues, which were meant to throw ridicule on philosophy and religion. Lucian possessed an inexhaustible fountain of humour and wit to expose the crimes and follies of his age, particularly the moral degeneracy and superstition of the people, as well as the pride and imposture of the philosophers. With severe mockery he holds them up to ridicule; and does not spare even the most prominent characters. His language is simple, graceful, and tolerably pure; a most successful imitation of the best attic. Among the later Greek writers his style is the purest. The best edition of his works is that of Bekker, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1853.—S. D.
LUCIAN of Antioch was born at Samosata in the third century. He was a learned and pious man, though exposed to the charge of heterodoxy, and excommunicated by three bishops of Antioch. His death in 311 was caused by tortures and starvation at Nicomedia, during the Diocletian persecution. He was the author of various tracts and letters, as also of a confession of faith extant in Socrates' H. E., ii. 10.—S. D.
LUCIFER, Bishop of Cagliari in the fourth century, a violent opponent of Arianism, introduced discord into the church at Antioch by ordaining Paulinus bishop in opposition to Meletius. He died about 370. The little sect called from him Luciferians renounced intercourse with bishops belonging to the Arian party, as well as with the bishops who absolved those bishops after confessing their fault. Lucifer was a vigorous polemic.—S. D.
LUCILIUS, Caius Ennius, a Roman knight, was born at Suessa 148 b.c., and died at Naples 103 b.c. In one sense he may be called the founder of Roman satire, because he first gave it the form which was developed by Horace, Juvenal, and Persius. The fragments of his satires, which were highly valued by the old grammarians, have been best edited by Gerlach, Basle, 1846.—S. D.
LUCILIUS JUNIOR, a friend of Seneca, who has addressed to him his epistles and other works, was procurator of Sicily. A poem entitled "Ætna," consisting of six hundred and forty hexameters, which attempts to account for the phenomena which volcanoes exhibit, has by some editors been assigned to Lucilius, but not upon sufficient grounds.—D. W. R.
LUCIUS, Bishop of Rome or Pope, in 252-53 is said to have suffered martyrdom under Gallus. A letter of Cyprian addresses him as a confessor; and one Isidorian letter is attributed to him. Nothing is known of his life or proceedings.—S. D.
LUCIUS II., Pope, 1144-45, had to encounter the storms which Arnold of Brescia raised against the temporal power of the papacy. He was killed by a paving-stone at the attack upon the Capitol; for he felt obliged to lead out troops against the people. Some letters of his are extant.—S. D.
LUCIUS III., Pope, 1181-85, born at Lucca, ascended the chair at a time when Rome was internally agitated by commo-
