was one of the king's judges; and zealously aided in the abolition of the house of lords. He refused, however, to countenance the ambitious designs of Cromwell, who sent him to Ireland in 1650 as lieutenant-general of the horse, probably for the purpose of keeping him out of the way. When Cromwell assumed the office of Protector, Ludlow protested against his elevation, and on leaving Ireland refused to promise unconditional submission to the Protector's authority. His brother, Thomas Ludlow, however, privately gave security that Edmund should not take any hostile steps against the government, and he was in consequence permitted to retire into Essex, where he resided until the death of Cromwell. He then returned to public life; joined the Wallingford house party; became a member of the committee of supply and of the council of state; and was induced to resume his command in Ireland. At the Restoration, knowing that he was highly obnoxious to the royalists, he made his escape to the continent, and ultimately took up his residence at Vevay in Switzerland, where, through his own precautions and the vigilance of the magistrates of Berne, he was shielded from the vengeance of the Stewarts. After the Revolution of 1688 he ventured to leave his asylum and to return to London; but the commons requested the king to issue a proclamation for his arrest, and he was compelled to take refuge again at Vevay, where he died in 1693, and where his tomb is still shown. Over the doorway of his house he placed the inscription, "Omne solum forti patria quia patris." Ludlow was possessed of indomitable courage and a vigorous though narrow understanding. He was a thoroughly honest man, "firm as brass or oak timber," says Carlyle; and true to his principles through good report and through bad report. His "Memoirs," in 3 vols.—two of which appeared in 1698, and the third in the following year—are interesting and valuable.—J. T.
LUDOLF, Henrich Wilhelm, nephew of Job Ludolf, was born at Erfurt in 1655. His uncle directed his education, and he was attached to the Dutch embassy to London as secretary. He was also secretary to Prince George of Denmark. He travelled in Russia and in the East, and laboured earnestly to promote the welfare of the Greek church, not only by his own writings, but by printing the New Testament in modern Greek. He died in London in 1710.—B. H. C.
LUDOLF, Job, an eminent German orientalist, was born at Erfurt, 15th June, 1624. Almost without the assistance of teachers he acquired the principal ancient and modern languages, and in 1645 went to Leyden, where he devoted himself to the study of law and medicine. As tutor to a young nobleman he travelled in France, whence he was sent to Rome on some literary mission. He then followed the Swedish ambassador at Paris to Stockholm, and after an absence of seven years returned to Gotha. Here the duke appointed him governor to the young princes, from which office Ludolf retired to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, where he acted as commissioner to the duke of Gotha, and other German princes. Being convinced that an alliance and commercial intercourse with Abyssinia, the language and history of which country had always formed his favourite study, would prove of the greatest advantages, he addressed the emperor on this subject, but was referred by that monarch to the English and Dutch governments. He accordingly in 1683 proceeded to England and Holland, but did not succeed in his plans. He returned to Frankfort, where he died, 8th April, 1704. He is said to have understood no less than twenty-five languages, and has left a number of most important works on the Abyssinian language and similar subjects. We mention his "Historia Æthiopica," which was translated into English, French, Dutch, and Russian; his grammars of the Ethiopic and Amharic languages; his "Lexicon Æthiopico-Latinum," &c. He also translated the Psalms into Ethiopic, and published several addresses to the Abyssinians, written in their language. The correspondence of Ludolf with Leibnitz has been edited by A. B. Michaelis, 1755, (See Vita Ludolfi, by Christian Juncker, Leipsic, 1710.)—K. E.
* LUDWIG or LOUIS I., Charles Augustus, ex-king of Bavaria, was born at Strasburg on the 25th August, 1786. He is the son of Maximilian, count-palatine, who commanded the troops of Alsace, in the service of France. When he was born, the grenadiers of his father's regiment cut their beards and moustaches to make a hair mattress for their little comrade, who was made colonel by Louis XVI. At the Revolution his father was obliged to retire to Germany. In 1803 Ludwig was at the university of Göttingen, and afterwards went to Italy to complete his studies. After the battle of Austerlitz his father acquired the throne of Bavaria, and in 1806 and 1807 Ludwig served under Jerome Bonaparte. In 1809 he married the Princess Theresa of Saxe-Hildburghausen. He came to the throne on the 12th October, 1825, and speedily introduced many useful reforms. He also contributed large sums to the cause of Greek independence. He erected many public edifices and monuments; encouraged learning, and especially the fine arts; introduced railways, and was the first to place a steam-vessel on the Lake of Constance. In 1818 he projected the German union, known as the Zollverein. After 1830 he was one of the champions of reaction, until his ultramontane views were modified by Lola Montes, whom he created Countess of Lansfeldt. The popular excitement induced him to abdicate on the 20th March, 1848. Since then he has lived in retirement. In 1829 he published two volumes of poetry, and in 1839 a third; but they have no great merit.—P. E. D.
LUDWIG, Christian Gottlieb, a distinguished German botanist and medical man, was born at Brieg in Silesia on the 30th April, 1709, and died at Leipsic on 7th May, 1773. His early taste for natural history was encouraged by a society of naturalists which was founded by Hebenstreit. He was elected professor of botany in the university of Leipsic in 1747, and he continued to discharge the duties of that office until his death. He was a philosophical botanist, and acquired a high reputation in science. Linnæus named a genus of Onagraceæ, Ludwigia after him. He wrote on marine plants; on the sexes of plants; definitions of plants, for the use of students; botanical aphorisms; "Institutiones historico-physicæ regni vegetabilis;" "Ectypa vegetabilium usibus medicis præcipue destinatorum;" on reducing the genera and species of plants; on officinal roots; on the colours of plants, and on their medical qualities. He also published works on pathology and clinical medicine, medical jurisprudence, and surgery.—J. H. B.
LUGO, Juan de, a celebrated Spanish cardinal, was born at Madrid in 1583, and early distinguished himself for his ability. In 1603 he joined the Jesuits, and after being professor in Spain, became professor of theology at Rome, where Urban VIII. made him cardinal, and otherwise honoured him. He died in 1660, leaving as many works as make seven volumes in folio.—Francisco de Lugo, his elder brother, was also a Jesuit, born in 1580, and after teaching in Mexico, was employed at Rome and in Spain, where he died in 1652. He wrote a "Commentary on Thomas Aquinas," and sundry other books.—B. H. C.
LUINI or LOVINI, Bernardino, one of the most distinguished of the Milanese painters, was born at Luino on the Lago Maggiore, about the year 1470. He is assumed to have studied in the school of Leonardo da Vinci at Milan, but this is doubtful. He was, however, one of the followers of Leonardo, and of these the most distinguished; and so close an imitator of that great painter, that many of his works have long passed for works of Leonardo, though Luini wants Leonardo's exquisite tone and grandeur of style. Such is assumed to be the case with "Christ disputing with the Doctors," in the National gallery; and "Vanity and Modesty," in the Sciarra palace at Rome. He excelled in painting women, and in representing the more amiable qualities of human nature. This is true of Luini's frescoes as well as his oil pictures. But in his frescoes his style resembles more that of Mantegna than Leonardo, in his earlier works; and in some he has approached the style of Raphael. His colouring is rich, and his light and shade forcible; but that want of freedom which characterizes Luini's oil pictures, altogether disappears in his frescoes. As a fresco painter he was one of the very greatest artists that has appeared in Italy. His execution is skilful, and must have been very rapid; his shadows are the pure colour laid on thickly, while his lights are the same colours driven very thinly with a little white, the outlines being strongly indicated in a dark warm colour. In his faces the features are often merely indicated by straight lines, and yet many of his female heads, painted upon such a slight basis, are among the most beautiful in the Italian frescoes. Luini was also a great decorator, as may still be seen in some of his work of this class preserved in the Certosa di Pavia. The comparative obscurity of his name hitherto, or within the last few years, is partly owing to his having been overlooked by Vasari, or only slightly mentioned under the designation of Bernardino da Lupino; and partly to his best works being attributed to Leonardo da Vinci. The gallery of the Brera at Milan possesses some excellent examples
