by their father to Rome to complete their studies: Gerhard chose history and portrait, and Carl landscape. They both established themselves in St. Petersburg, where they married two sisters of a noble family of Courland. Carl became a court landscape painter at St. Petersburg, while Gerhard removed in 1804 to Dresden, and was there appointed professor in the academy, but he met with a miserable end. He was in 1820 murdered on the highway between Pillnitz and Dresden by a common thief, a private soldier, who after killing and robbing his victim, in total ignorance of who he was, drew off the boots from his body, and singularly enough, this act caused his detection and punishment; for when they were worn out the scoundrel took them to Kügelgen's bootmaker to be repaired, and the man at once recognized them, and the detection ensued. Gerhard's pictures are of a simple, religious character, containing few figures, and these often portions only of figures. Carl Kügelgen's career at St. Petersburg was a distinguished one. He executed many works for the Russian emperors—more particularly two series of views, one made in the Crimea in 1804 and 1806 for the Emperors Paul and Alexander; the other in 1818 in Finland for the Emperor Alexander. He executed in all one hundred and seventy-one pictures and two hundred and ninety finished drawings. He died at Reval in 1832. There are biographies of both brothers.—(See Nagler, Neues Allgemeines Künstler Lexicon.)—R. N. W.
KUGLER, Franz Theodor, an eminent art-historian and critic, was born at Stettin on the 7th of January, 1808. He studied at Berlin, where he became professor in the academy of fine arts, lecturer in the university, and councillor in the ministry of public instruction. Poet, dramatist, historian, musician, and draughtsman, he made the history of art his peculiar study and theme, and enriched his knowledge of it by journeys to Italy in 1835, and to France and Belgium in 1843. He is best known in this country by his "Handbook of Painting" (Handbuch der Geschichte der Malerei von Konstantin d. Grossen bis auf die neuere Zeit), published in 1837; second edition, much enlarged, 1847. Lady Eastlake, under the modest anonymity of "A Lady," has translated the chief portions of it into English. The first of her versions, containing "The Schools of Painting in Italy," appeared in 1842, edited by Sir Charles Eastlake; the second, embracing the "German, Flemish, and Dutch Schools of Painting," published in 1846, was edited by Sir Edmund Head. Several editions of both these translations have been published, in some cases, with considerable enlargements and modifications. Besides many minor works on art and other subjects, Kugler wrote a philosophico-historical "Handbuch der Kunst-Geschichte," 1837—second edition, 1847; and a "Geschichte der Bau-Kunst," 1856-59. His "History of Frederick the Great," published in 1840 for the jubilee of the invention of printing, has been translated into English. Of a more elaborate work on Prussian history, the "Neuere Geschichte des Preussichen Staates und Volkes von der Zeit des grossen Kurfürsten bis auf unsere Tage," only part i., embracing the period between 1660 and 1788, was published in 1844. Kugler died on the 18th of March, 1858.—F. E.
KUHLAU, Friedrich, a musician, was born at Ülsen in Lüneburg-Holstein in 1786; he died at Lyngbye, near Copenhagen, in 1832. In 1793 he injured one of his eyes to such an extent by a fall on the ice, that he totally lost the sight of it. This accident induced his parents, who were in humble circumstances, to spend all their means in fitting him for the musical profession, under the strange though common belief that it would less severely tax his sight than any other pursuit. Kuhlau spent some time in Brunswick, where he studied several instruments, especially the flute; and he afterwards went to Hamburg, where under the direction of Schwenke he completed his musical education. He studied harmony with this master, and published some instrumental pieces of great promise while he was still his pupil. In 1810, to avoid the French conscription, he went to Copenhagen, and there obtained an appointment as chamber musician to the king, and first flutist in the royal chapel. He now composed his opera of the "Röverborgen" (Robber's Castle), in which he had the happy art to embody so powerfully the characteristics of Danish music, as to give to his production the speciality of a national work. Its success was immense, and the people at once claimed its composer as a compatriot, regarding him as the first musician who had incorporated the local colouring of their country in a work of high artistic aim. He produced another opera, "Eliza," with success only inferior to that of its predecessor; and this placed him so high in general esteem that he was appointed composer to the court, with a suitable pension. He bought a charming house at Lyngbye, and sent to Germany for his parents, having forsworn marriage in order that he might be able to provide for them. He now devoted himself to composition with untiring zeal, and produced, besides a very large number of instrumental works, the following operas—"Lulu," "Hugo og Adelheid," and "Elverhöi" (the Elfin Hill), which last was represented in 1828, and excited an enthusiasm that surpassed all Kuhlau's great successes. In 1830 a fire broke out in his house, which destroyed many of his unpublished MSS., shortly after which both his parents died; and his grief at this bereavement, coming close upon the vexation the loss of his works had occasioned him, preyed upon his spirits, and induced the illness to which he fell a victim. His funeral was attended by all the musicians, and many of the other most distinguished persons of Copenhagen. Kuhlau is chiefly esteemed in Denmark for his operas, on account of the eminently nationalistic character he has given to them; but his individuality with us consists in his being one of the extremely few composers who have written for the flute such music as is to be classed in the higher ranks of artistic production. His works for this instrument are various as they are numerous. They consist of concertos with orchestral accompaniment; sonatas with pianoforte accompaniment; concerted pieces for several flutes, among which the trios are particularly admired; and many compositions of a lighter character.—G. A. M.
KUHLMANN, Quirinus, celebrated for his delusions and his misfortunes, was born at Breslau in 1651. The first indication he gave of being a visionary was at the age of eighteen, after an attack of illness, when he professed to hold converse with the spirit-world, and to be an inspired prophet. In 1673 he went to Holland, where he read Jacob Böhmen's works, by which he was carried to yet greater lengths. He wandered about different countries, from England to Palestine, preaching his opinions and publishing books. In 1689 he conceived the idea of founding God's true kingdom in Russia, whither he went, and where he made many disciples; but his seditious language and his excesses provoked the government against him, and he was burned alive at Moscow by Peter the Great in October, 1689.—B. H. C.
* KÜHNER, Rafael, a German philologist, was born at Gotha, the 22nd March, 1802, and devoted himself to classical learning at Göttingen under Mitscherlich, Dissen, and O. Müller. In 1824 he obtained a mastership in the lyceum at Hanover. He first brought the results of the study of Sanscrit to bear upon the Greek grammar, and by this means may be said to have modelled it into a new shape, especially as to the conjugation of the anomalous verbs and the syntax. His "Ansführliche Grammatik der Griechischen Sprache" appeared at Hanover in 1804-5, 2 vols. A still greater success attended his "Schulgrammatik" and his "Elementargrammatik der Griechischen Sprache." He has also published a Latin grammar as well as editions of the Commentaries of Xenophon, and of some other Greek and Latin authors. His schoolbooks have been translated into English and other languages, and have met with almost greater success in England, America, and Sweden, than in his own country.—K. E.
KUHNIUS or KUHN, Joachim, a distinguished German scholar, born at Greifswald in 1647. After studying at Jena, he became rector of a college at Œttingen, and afterwards professed Greek and Hebrew at Strasburg. Among his works are notes on Pollux; an edition of Ælian's various histories, with notes; editions of Diogenes Laertius and Pausanias; to which may be added his ingenious "Quæstiones Philosophicæ" on the Old and New Testament. He died in 1697.—B. H. C.
* KUMMER, Ernst Edward, one of the most distinguished mathematicians of the present age, was born at Sarau in Lower Lusatia on the 29th of January, 1810, and is now professor of mathematics in the university, and a member of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin. His greatest discoveries have been those connected with the theory of numbers, into which he introduced in 1845 a new conception of the highest value—that of ideal prime factors. His researches have appeared chiefly in Crelle's Journal since 1842. For a summary of their results see Professor Smith's Report on the Theory of Numbers, in the Reports of the British Association for 1860.—W. J. M. R.
KUNCKEL, Johann, a celebrated German chemist, born at
