Golenitchef, Prince of Smolensko, a Russian field-marshal, born in 1745; died at Bunzlaw in Silesia, 10th May, 1813. He was descended from a German family, which had emigrated to Russia at a very early period. At sixteen years of age he was an officer of artillery, and served with Suwarrow, rapidly gaining promotion in the expeditions against the Turks. At Chouma in the Crimea, in 1774, he was struck on the left temple by a ball, which came out at the right temple and deprived him of the sight of an eye. For a long period he was engaged in subduing the tribes on the borders of the Black Sea, and in 1788 he was again severely wounded at Otchakof—a ball struck him on the cheek and came out at the back of his neck. He was again employed against the Turks, and was present at the assault on Ismail in 1790. Twice repulsed, he sent to Suwarrow to say that he was doubtful of success. The reply was, "Say to Kutuzow that my report on the capture of Ismail is written, and that I have named Kutuzow as commandant of the place." After this Ismail was not long of falling. The following year he contributed to the victories which led to the treaty of Jassy, which gave to Russia the Crimea, the Kuban, and Otchakof. He was received into high favour by the Russian court, and employed in several high offices. When Alexander came to the throne, he was made governor-general of St. Petersburg, but this post did not suit the rough warrior, and for a time he retired to his estates. In 1805 he was again called to the field, placed at the head of fifty thousand men, and sent to the aid of the Austrians, who had been beaten at Ulm. At the battle of Austerlitz, which was fought against his advice, Kutuzow lost some of his laurels. Between this time and the French invasion he was employed in Moldavia, in Lithuania, and against the Turks. In 1812, by the unanimous wish of the nation, he was appointed general-in-chief; and after the battle of Borodino, where on each side forty-seven generals and thirty-seven colonels fell, he received the marshal's baton. To him is due the execution of the policy which prevented the French from profiting by their victories. He could not prevent Napoleon reaching the Kremlin, but he could retreat like a lion, and when he saw the opportunity fight desperate battles that cost the invader dear. Under all his reverses and defeats he is said never to have committed a fault, or departed from the rules of war. When the tide turned he led the army into Germany, forced the passage of the Elbe, and was on the high road to the final triumph, when at the age of sixty-seven, worn out by fatigue and wounds, his strength failed, and in a little Silesian town he put off for ever the harness of war, which he had worn in so many hard-fought fields. Count Segur, in his History of Napoleon and the Grand Army, does justice to Kutuzow; but M. Thiers has distorted his character and falsified history.—P. E. D.
KUYP, Albert, was born at Dort in 1605, and was taught painting by his father, but his regular occupation was that of a brewer; he was therefore what is now commonly called an amateur. Kuyp was not only one of the greatest landscape painters that ever lived, but was also a good portrait painter. He painted likewise still-life, and executed a few engravings. He has been called the Dutch Claude; but he always displays more truth and more power than Claude. His highest excellence is perhaps the treatment of atmospheres. The date of his death is not known, but he was still living in 1638.—R. N. W.
KYAN, John Howard, an English practical chemist, was born about 1775, and died at New York on the 5th of January, 1850. He invented the process (since called "Kyanising") of preserving timber from decay by means of bichloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate).—W. J. M. R.
KYD, Thomas, was an English dramatist of the pre-Shakspearean era. Mr. J. P. Collier considers it "likely that he was older than Marlowe." The plays by which he is remembered are—the "First Part of Jeronymo," and its continuation; the "Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronymo is mad again." The "First Part of Jeronymo" appears to have been only once printed, in 1605. It is the earliest English play upon record that bears evidence of having been written for a particular performer, a man of very small stature. The "Spanish Tragedy," on the other hand, printed at least as early as 1599, went, according to Mr. Collier, through more editions than any play of its time. Ben Jonson seems to have been employed to make additions to it. It is a bloody tragedy, and the rant of the hero was often parodied and ridiculed by Shakspeare and the younger school of dramatists. Yet it has been supposed to have furnished Shakspeare with hints for Hamlet. In the "Spanish Tragedy" there is a father always meditating the punishment of the guilty, and always postponing the execution of his project, and as in Hamlet there is a play within a play. Kyd also translated the tragedy of Cornelia from the French of Garnier, a version printed in 1594. "As a writer of blank verse," says Mr. Collier, "I am inclined, among the predecessors of Shakspeare, to give Kyd the next place to Marlowe."—F. E.
KYDERMYNSTER or KIDDERMINSTER, Richard, abbot of Winchcombe in Gloucestershire at the dawn of the Reformation in England; died in 1531. He was a native of Worcestershire, and was received at the age of fifteen into the benedictine monastery at Winchcombe, of which he was first made chaplain and afterwards, in 1487, was elected abbot. In 1500 he took the degree of D.D. at Oxford, where in his youth he had studied four years at Gloucester hall, then a benedictine college. He acquired much reputation as a preacher, and was also celebrated as a scholar and reformer of the discipline of his order. He wrote "Tractatus contra doctrinam Lutheri," 1521, and a manuscript history of the foundation of Winchcombe monastery.—G. BL.
KYNASTON or KINASTON, Sir Francis, a name celebrated in connection with the Museum Minervæ in Covent Garden, was born at Otley in Shropshire in 1587. He commenced his education at Oriel college, Oxford, but afterwards migrated to Cambridge, where he took a degree. He then went to court, was knighted in 1618, and was made esquire of the body to Charles I. On February 27th, 1635, Charles granted letters-patent for the perpetual appropriation of a house owned by Sir Francis in Covent Garden, as a college for the promotion of the liberal arts among the nobility and gentry. This establishment, designated "Museum Minervæ," was inaugurated by the performance of a masque, written by Kynaston himself, called "Corona Minervæ," at which Prince Charles and several of the court were present; and in 1636 was published a thin quarto volume entitled "Constitutions of the Museum Minervæ." The founder was the first regent. As a poet, Kynaston cannot pretend to a very high place. He is chiefly remembered by his Latin version of Chaucer's Troilus and Cressida, of which a portion only (Books i. and ii.) ever appeared, the rest remaining in MS. The whole work was announced for publication in 1796 by Mr. Waldron, but was never printed. The works of this author are—"Musæ Querelæ de Regis in Scotiam Profectione," 1633; "Musæ Aulicæ Arthuri Johnstoni, interprete F. K.," 1635; "Corona Minervæ," 1635; "Leoline and Sydanis," a heroic romance; together with sundry affectionate addresses to his mistress, under the name of Cynthia, 1642. If the writer witnessed the publication of his "Leoline," at all events he did not long outlive it, for he died in 1642, and the "Museum Minervæ” is believed to have died with him.—W. C. H.
KYRLE, John, immortalized by Pope under the designation of the Man of Ross, was a worthy citizen of Herefordshire, who flourished during the latter half of the seventeenth and the first half of the eighteenth century. Though possessed of an estate of only £500 a year, he conferred most important benefits upon his native town (Ross) and neighbourhood by the erection of a church, the endowment of an hospital and an alms-house, the establishment of a fund for apprenticing orphan boys and portioning girls, and other benevolent and useful schemes. He also planted the neighbouring hills with trees, brought in an ample supply of water for the use of his fellow-citizens, and laid out for the public a piece of ground near the church commanding a beautiful view. Mr. Kyrle terminated his long and eminently useful and blameless life, at the age of ninety, in 1754. Pope's complaint that "no monument, inscription, or stone" made known his name and race, is now inapplicable, as a monument has been erected to his memory in the parish church where he was interred.—J. T.
