it must be remarked that their style, in contradiction to the common philosophical jargon, is of incomparable clearness and correctness.—(See Life by Gwinner, Leipsic, 1862; Frauenstädt, Briefe über die Schopenhauer'sche Philosophie, Leipsic, 1854.)—K. E.
SCHOPENHAUER, Johanne, a German novelist and miscellaneous writer, was a daughter of Senator Trosina at Dantzic, where she was born in 1770. She was married to the banker, Heinr. Floris Schopenhauer, with whom she travelled extensively, and after whose death she successively resided at Weimar, Bonn, and Jena. She died at the latter place on 17th April, 1838. Her novels and tales place her in the first rank of German authoresses, and her books of travel are full of sound information and fine womanly observation. Complete works, in 24 vols., Leipsic, 1830-31; "Literary Remains," 2 vols., Braunschweig, 1839.—K. E.
SCHOTEL, Johan Christian, was born at Dort on 11th November, 1787, and was taught drawing by A. Meulemans, and Schouman the marine painter. In 1808 he commenced to attract notice by his sea pieces, in the manner of Vandevelde and Bakhuysen, chiefly executed in Indian ink; in a very few years, however, Schotel was recognized as the best marine painter of his time in Holland, adhering, perhaps, too closely to the style of Bakhuizen in colour, though his pictures have more effect, and are more freely handled than those of his model. A good collection of Schotel's works was in the collection of the late king of Holland at the Hague, which was dispersed by the sale of 1850; the highest price realized, however, was only £271. A fine example is still preserved in the public gallery at the Hague. He died at Dort on the 21st of December, 1838.—(Immerzeel, Levens der Kunstschilders, &c.)—R. N. W.
SCHOTT, Andrew, a jesuit, born at Antwerp in 1552. His principal works are "Vitæ Comparatæ Aristotelis ac Demosthenis," &c., 1603; "Hispania Illustrata," &c., 1603-8, 4 vols., folio; "Thesaurus Exemplorum ac Sententiarum," &c.; and "Adagia, sive Proverbia Græcorum."—J. T.
SCHOTT, Gaspard, a jesuit and physician, was born in 1608 in the diocese of Wurtzburg. He went first to Palermo, then to Rome, and after thirty years returned to his native place, and died there in 1666. He wrote "Magia universalis naturæ et artis," &c., 4 vols., 4to; "Physica curiosa sive mirabilia naturae et artis;" "Anatomia physico-hydrostatica fontium et fluminum explicata;" "Technica curiosa," &c.—J. T.
SCHOUW, Joachim Frederic, an eminent Danish botanist, was born at Copenhagen in 1789, and died on 28th April, 1852, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. He showed early a taste for botany, and attended Vahl's lectures at the age of thirteen. He passed an examination in the Faculty of Laws, and afterwards took the degree of M.D. His thesis was entitled "De Sedibus Plantarum Originariis." He made repeated journeys through Germany, France, and Italy from 1817 to 1840. In 1821 he was appointed professor of botany in the university of Copenhagen. He directed his attention mainly to geographical botany, and published valuable works on the subject. In 1832 he took an active part in politics, and in 1834 he was named royal deputy of the university of Copenhagen. He published elements of botanical geography; account of the climate and vegetation of Italy, and of Europe in general; and a work entitled "The Earth, Plants, and Man," which has been translated into English. He attained great celebrity, and was the chief European authority on plant geography.—J. H. B.
* SCHRADER, Julius, German painter, was born at Berlin in 1815. He studied under Schadow at Düsseldorf, but is considered a leader among the younger painters who departed from the severe academical style of that master. Herr Schrader spent some years in Italy, and is understood to aim at introducing a richer and more Venetian tone of colour among his countrymen. His earliest works were chiefly of eastern and genre subjects; his later mare strictly historical, several having been from English history. The titles of a few of his principal pictures will sufficiently indicate his class of subjects—"Odalisques in a Harem;" "The Temptation;" "Edward III. pardoning the Burgesses of Calais;" "Milton Dictating to his Daughters;" "Lady Macbeth Walking in her sleep;" "The Death of Leonardo da Vinci at Fontainebleau." The last two were sent by the artist to the International Exhibition of 1862, but hardly sustained the estimate of the painter's power formed by native critics.—J. T—e.
* SCHRAUDOLPH, Johann, German painter, was born in 1808, at Obersdorf in Bavaria. He studied in the Munich Art academy under Cornelius. Later he spent some time in Rome, studying the early Italian masters. Herr Schraudolph was one of the painters so liberally patronized by Ludwig I. of Bavaria. He has almost exclusively devoted himself to the painting of religious subjects, and he has for some years held the post of professor of religious painting in the Munich Academy. His great work is the series of frescoes on gold grounds in Speyer cathedral, on which he was engaged for ten years, 1844-53. He also painted several of the frescoes in the basilica of St. Bonifacius, and in some other of the churches of Munich; and he assisted in the decoration of Ratisbon cathedral. In the New Pinacothek are two of his large gallery pictures, purchased by Ludwig I.: "The Ascension," and "Christ and the Disciples of St. John the Baptist." Herr Schraudolph is a devoted follower of his master Cornelius, painting himself, and teaching others to paint in the same calm ascetic spirit; coldly academical and eclectic in manner; and smooth and soft in execution. Several of his pictures have been engraved.—J. T—e.
SCHREVELIUS, Cornelius, a celebrated Dutch humanist, was born at Haarlem about the year 1615, and received his education at Leyden, to which city his father removed during his childhood. He then entered upon the study of medicine, but forsook it for classical learning. In 1662 he succeeded his father in the headmastership of the Leyden Latin school, the duties of which office he honourably discharged till his death, which occurred on the 11th September, 1664, or, according to others, in 1667. Schrevelius was the first and at the same time the most skilful and most indefatigable compiler of the so-called variorum editions. He published such editions of Juvenal, Hesiod, Terence, Virgil, Horace, Homer, Martial, Qu. Curtius, Cicero, Ovid, and other classics. But he acquired still greater fame by his Lexicon Manuale Græco-Latinum, which first appeared in 1645, and went though a large number of editions. The best editions are that of Jos. Hill, London, 1679, who added several thousand words, and those published at London, 1781, at Glasgow, 1799, and at Paris, 1820, edited by Henry Lécluse.—K. E.
SCHROEDER-DEVRIENT, Wilhelmine, an eminent German singer, was born at Hamburg, 6th October, 1805, and by her mother, the celebrated actress Sophia Schröder, was educated for the stage. She was engaged at Dresden, but travelled almost every year, and was received in almost every European capital with enthusiastic applause, as her acting was no less excellent than her singing. In 1830 she sang in Paris; in 1832, 1833, and 1837 in London. In 1833 she was named to Karl Devrient, but the marriage turned out so unhappy, that in 1838 she was divorced. After leaving the stage in 1849, she was married again to M. de Bock, a Livonian nobleman, whom she succeeded in his estate. She died at Coburg, February 26, 1860.—K. E.
SCHUBERT, Franz, the musician, was born at Lichtenthal, a suburb of Vienna, January 31, 1797; he died in Vienna, November 19, 1828. His father was the schoolmaster of his native village, and knew enough of music to teach its first elements to his three sons. The eldest of these, Ferdinand, was born in 1794—was appointed professor of music in St. Anne's Normal school at Vienna, in 1824—has published several compositions, and is now (1862) inspector of the music of the schools in the suburbs of Vienna. He and Franz were, in 1804, placed under the tuition of Michael Holzer, the cantor of Lichtenthal, who, appreciating the singular gifts of the younger Schubert, interested himself to procure his admission, as a singing boy, into the imperial school in Vienna, whence he passed into the choir of the imperial chapel, in 1811. He kept this appointment till his voice broke in 1813; while he held it, he practised the pianoforte and the violin, and acquired such proficiency on the latter, that he was permitted to lead the band of the chapel at rehearsals, if the chief violinist were absent. Ruziezka, the court organist, taught him harmony, and Salieri gave him lessons in singing and composition. His remarkable power of production evinced itself very early; while yet a child, he wrote quartets for string instruments, and other pieces of high pretension; his talent excited the most affectionate interest in his family, and, in these boyish days, his father and brothers were always ready to make up a quartet with himself to try his compositions—a practice which they continued when his genius advanced to maturity. His carelessness about what he wrote was almost as great as his fertility; in consequence of which, certain friends, without his knowledge, took some of his compositions to a publisher, with whom they arranged to print them for the composer's
