1823 compelled him to take refuge in England, and for several years he was the leader of a body of Spanish refugees in London, who waited impatiently an opportunity of attempting something for the liberation of their country. After seven years' waiting, early in 1830, with the assistance of an Irish gentleman named Boyd and others, a vessel was fitted out in the Thames for a descent on the south coast of Spain, but he was seized by the authorities when on the point of sailing. Torrijos and most of his friends escaped to France, and ultimately reassembled at Gibraltar, where they remained until the peremptory orders of the British authorities compelled them to take some decisive steps. On the night of the 30th of November, 1831, Torrijos and fifty-five companions sailed in two small vessels, eluding the vigilance both of the British and Spanish authorities. The Spanish cruizers, however, soon gave chase, and the troops on shore were in motion to prevent a landing. Unable to reach Malaga, they landed at Fuengirola, not far from that city, and fortified themselves in a farm-house. They were soon besieged by an overwhelming force, and were induced to surrender at discretion. An express was sent to Madrid for instructions. The order came immediately, signed by the king himself, "Shoot them all." The fifty-six prisoners (including Boyd, though a British subject) were shot on the 11th of December. It is said that French influence was on this occasion fruitlessly exerted to save the wretched monarch from this indelible disgrace. Queen Christina afterwards ennobled the widow of Torrijos, and placed a bust to his memory in the house where he was born.—F. M. W.
TORTI, Francesco, an Italian physician, was born at Modena, December 1, 1658. Educated originally for the law, he abandoned it for medicine which he studied under A. Frassoni. He graduated at Bologna in 1678, and on his return to Modena was, at the age of twenty-three, elected to a medical professorship there. Torti's professional, literary, and musical attainments recommended him to the duke, Francis, who appointed him his physician. After the death of Francis, in 1694, he held the office under his successor, who, on his recommendation, founded an anatomical school at Modena, in which Torti was the first demonstrator. In 1709 appeared a work on fevers, which gained him considerable reputation. It was entitled "Therapeutice specialis ad Febres quasdam perniciosas, inopinate ac repente lethales una verò China China peculiari methodo ministrata." This work was attacked by Manget and Ramazzini, and Torti replied to their criticisms. Torti was honoured by the fellowship of the Royal Society of London and of the Academy of Valentia. He refused the offer of professorships at Turin and Padua, preferring to remain at Modena, where he enjoyed the special favour of the duke. In his latter years he suffered from palsy, which compelled him to retire from active professional employment. He died in March, 1741, aged eighty-two. Torti was associated with Ramazzini in his experiments on the barometer, which were published in 1694 and 1698. He was distinguished for accomplishments unconnected with his profession. He wrote several oratorios; and in early life published, under the name of L. A. Cotta, a Latin letter in defence of Tasso.—F. C. W.
TOSCHI, Paolo, Cavaliere, one of the most eminent of the recent engravers of Italy, was born at Panna in 1788. He studied design in his native city; in 1809 went to Paris, where he studied line engraving under C. C. Berwic; and he was afterwards for a time a pupil of the Dutch engraver, Hoorteman. He returned to Parma in 1819, having already acquired a considerable reputation, and was made director of the Parma art-academy, the management of which he greatly improved. He died July 30, 1854. Toschi was one of the most accomplished engravers of his age. His plates always display great technical knowledge, entire command of the graver, appreciation of the intention of the painter he is following, and purity and refinement of expression. He is chiefly deficient, perhaps, in the originality and vigour which impart so great a charm to the works of some of his predecessors. His finest plates are his great print of Lo Spasimo di Sicilia, of Raphael; that painter's Madonna della Tenda, and Volterra's Descent from the Cross; with some of his great series of prints from the frescoes of Correggio and Parmigiano at Parma. Besides his prints from the old masters, he engraved Canova's Deposition, Gerard's Entrance of Henry IV. into Paris, and several portraits.—J. T—e.
TOTT, Francis, Baron de, a French officer and diplomatist, born at Ferté-sous-Jonarre, on the 17th of August, 1733. His father was a Hungarian nobleman who had been obliged to leave his country in consequence of his connection with Prince Rogotzky. At an early age De Tott obtained a commission in a hussar regiment; and in 1755 he went to Constantinople with his father and M. De Vergennes. He remained in that city with an appointment in the French embassy for eight years, and then returned to France. In 1766 he was appointed French consul in the Crimea; but in a short time he contrived to involve himself so deeply in the intrigues of the court, that the vizier sought for and obtained his removal by the French government. Returning to Constantinople he entered the service of the Ottoman Porte, and continued in it till the year 1776. During his stay there he proposed an entire reform in the Turkish artillery, and was appointed to carry it out. He was also charged with the defence of the Dardanelles when menaced by the Russian fleet. On his return to France he was despatched on a tour of inspection of the consular establishments of the Mediterranean ports, from the Archipelago to the Barbary States. In 1781 he was raised to the rank of maréchal-de-camp; and about 1786 was appointed governor of Douai, which post he held till 1790, when he opposed the republican furor of his garrison, and nearly lost his life. He fled to Switzerland, whence he went to Vienna. He died in Hungary in 1793. He published "Memoires sur les Turcs et Tartares" in 1784, which met with great success, and has been translated into English.—W. J. P.
TOULMIN, Joshua, a literary dissenting divine, was born in London about 1742. For several years he was pastor over a small congregation at Taunton, and also at the same time carried on business as a bookseller. When Dr. Priestley emigrated to America, Toulmin became his successor at Birmingham, and remained in this pastorate till his death in 1815. Toulmin's theology was a combination of unitarian and baptist opinions. He was a lover of liberty, and wrote much in its support, as well as in vindication of his peculiar religious views. Of the latter class are his "Life of Socinus;" "Life of John Biddle;" and "Biography of Priestley." He also published a "Dissertation on the Evidences of Christianity;" "History of Taunton;" "Historical View of Protestant Dissenters," &c. His edition of Neal's History of the Puritans, 5 vols. 8vo., is well known.—J. E.
TOULONGEON, François Émanuel, Viscount de, a French historian, was born in 1748 at the castle of Champlitte, and belonged to one of the oldest families in La Franche Comté. Intended by his parents for the church, he was sent at an early age to the seminary of St. Sulpice in Paris. He showed great distaste for the study of theology; and being permitted to follow his own inclination he entered the army, and rose to the rank of colonel of chasseurs. He was a great admirer of Voltaire, and visited him in 1776, when he gained his favour. Having manifested a degree of poetical talent which gained for him some local celebrity, he was elected a member of the Academy of Besançon in 1779. He left the army previous to the wars which arose out of the French revolution. At the commencement of the Revolution he took the popular side, and published a pamphlet in 1788, which led to his being appointed one of the deputies of the nobility of the province in the states-general of 1789. He was one of those nobles who separated themselves from their order to unite with the tiers-état, or commons, in one chamber which assumed the title of the national assembly. In 1791 he retired from public life to an estate in Le Nivernais. By his early retirement he was preserved from the perils of the Reign of Terror. He was elected a member of the Institute in 1797, and in 1802 and 1809 was chosen deputy for the department of Nièvre in the legislative body. He died suddenly in 1812. His principal works are—"Histoire de France depuis la Révolution de 1789;" "Manuel du Museum Française;" "Manuel Révolutionaire on Pensées Morales sur l'État Politique des Peuples en Révolution;" and a translation of Cæsar's Commentaries.—W. J. P.
TOUP, Jonathan, an eminent English scholar, the son of a clergyman, was born at St. Ives, Cornwall, in 1713, and was educated at Exeter college, Oxford, and at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, at each of which he took a degree in arts. He entered into holy orders, and became successively rector of St. Martin's, prebendary of Exeter, and vicar of St. Merryn's, Cornwall. He was the author of "Emendationes in Suidam," 3 vols., to which was added afterwards a fourth, called "Appendiculum Notarum in Suidam." In 1767 he published his "Epistola critica," addressed to Bishop Warburton, in which he makes various learned critical remarks upon certain passages in classical authors.
