He contributed largely to Warburton's edition of Theocritus, published in 1770; and in 1778 published an edition of Longinus, which raised him to the first rank among the scholars of his time. Toup died in 1785.—F.
TOUR, Maurice Quentin de la, was born at St. Quentin in 1704, and died in 1788. In 1746 he was elected a member of the Academy of Painting. He is celebrated for his carefully finished and excellent portraits in crayon.
* TOURGENIEF, Ivan, one of the most agreeable of living Russian contributors to the periodical literature of his country. A keen sportsman, he wrote in 1852 for the Contemporary a series of papers on his adventures in some of the rural districts of Russia, which have been republished and translated into several languages, under the title of "Tales of a Sportsman." A subsequent work, entitled "A Brood of Gentlefolks," describing the family life of the best type of a Russian country squire, has been equally successful —R. H.
TOURNEFORT, Joseph Pitton de, a celebrated French botanist, was born at Aix in Provence on 5th June, 1656, and died at Paris on 28th November, 1708. He belonged to a noble family, and was educated with the view of entering the church. His taste, however, lay in the direction of science, and after the death of his father in 1677, he studied medicine at Montpellier. While there he made excursions to the Pyrenees and the Cevennes, and visited the northern parts of Spain. He afterwards went to Paris, and was appointed in 1683 assistant botanical demonstrator in the Jardin du Roi. He was appointed to travel for the purpose of adding to the treasures of the Paris gardens. In this way he visited Spain, Portugal, Holland, and Britain. He was chosen in 1692 a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1698 had the title of M.D. conferred on him by the Faculty of Paris. He published an excellent work, entitled "Elemens de Botanique." In 1700 he went to the East by royal authority, and visited Greece, Asia Minor, Armenia, the Caucasus, Black Sea, &c., and made large collections. On his return to Paris he resumed his duties at the garden, and set about the publication of the results of his travels. Among his published works are the following—"Institutiones Rei Herbariæ;" "Relation d'un Voyage du Lévant," &c.; and "Traité de la Matière Medicale." Tournefort adopted a new system of classification of plants, founded on characters derived both from the organs of fructification and of vegetation. His system was an artificial one, and it held its sway in France for a long time, until that of Linnæus acquired the ascendancy, to be followed by the natural method of Jussieu. Tournefort was a man of correct observation, and the account of his travels was for a long time the only source of botanical information relative to the eastern countries visited by him. He did much to advance botany, and to improve the definition of genera. A genus of American shrubs has been named Tournefortia after him.—J. H. B.
TOURNEMINE, René Joseph de, a French jesuit, descended from an ancient family in Bretagne, was born at Rennes in 1661. He entered the Society of the Jesuits in 1680, and taught in different colleges of the order with great success for about twenty years. In 1701 he was called to Paris to take the management of the Journal de Trevoux. He was for nineteen years principal editor, and contributed a number of curious dissertations, which procured for the Journal a high reputation in Europe. After leaving the task of editorship Tournemine became librarian to the residence of professed jesuits. He died at Paris in 1739. A list of Tournemine's writings is given in the forty-second volume of the Memoires de Niceron, and also in the Dictionary of Chaufpié. He left no works behind him worthy of his talents, but he was not without influence upon the literature of his time.—W. J. P.
TOURNEUR, Pierre le, a French miscellaneous writer and translator, was born at Valognes, in Normandy, in 1736. After completing his studies at the college des Grassins at Coutances, where he made rather a brilliant course, Tourneur appears to have repaired to Paris in the character of a literary adventurer. His first publication appeared in 1768, a small octavo volume consisting of some prize essays and an "Eloge de Charles V., Roi de France." His next appearance in the literary world (1769) was as the translator of a collection of tales from the English; but neither this nor his former publication attracted the notice of the public. In the following year, however, he brought out his translation of Young's Night Thoughts and miscellaneous poems. This more considerable venture brought him some reputation, and seems to have determined the future line of his labours—all his subsequent publications having been translations, with the unimportant exception, at least, of part of the two volumes published in 1788, and entitled "Jardins Anglais, ou variétés tant originales que traduites." Le Tourneur's version of the Night Thoughts is far from literal; he seems to have thought the poem too rugged and uncouth to please the French if turned into their language in its original form, and has therefore taken what some might reckon unwarrantable liberties with it—omitting many passages altogether; even altering the arrangement of the poem; and, generally, fashioning it after such a manner as he fancied most likely to be agreeable to the Parisian public. It was ridiculed and sneered at by Grimm, but La Harpe and Diderot, of whom the latter was the first to recognize the merits of Le Tourneur as a translator, and to feel the peculiar beauty and power of English works of imagination, gave it their hearty support and commendation. Le Tourneur, gaining confidence by his success, next undertook a complete translation of the dramatic works of Shakspeare. In this great undertaking he was at first assisted by the comte de Catuelan and Fontaine Malherbe, both of whose names appear along with his at the end of the dedication to the king, prefixed to the first volume. But his associates soon grew impatient of their difficult task, and the last eighteen of the twenty volumes which comprise the whole work were produced by Le Tourneur alone. The first volume appeared in 1776, and the last in 1782. This version of Shakspeare is in prose—and it is best that it should be so; for nothing can well be more ridiculous than to see the great dramatist choked and tortured in the strait-waistcoat of French rhymes. It is, moreover, an honest and pardonable translation; for though it is evidently the work of a man who cannot follow the flight of high imagination, we are yet reconciled to him on account of his fairness and sincere endeavour to represent Shakspeare as he is He plays no French tricks with his author, but suffers him, so far as his somewhat prosaical powers go, to speak his own natural and incomparable language; and after all deductions are made, it will be found that enough of Shakspeare remains to impress minds that know him through no other medium with some sense of his peculiar greatness. It is on the whole by much the best French translation of the Shakspearian dramas, and as such was revised and republished by M. Guizot in 1824. Le Tourneur, who understood German, appears to have been considerably benefited in this the most important of his works by the German translation of Shakspeare by Eschenburg, published at Zurich between the years 1775 and 1778, and has prefixed the remarks of that critic to several of the plays. A large proportion of the subscribers to the quarto edition of Le Tourneur's translation are said to have been English. A quarto and an octavo edition were issued at the same time, and the author, who eventually became publisher as well, adventured on the speculation of publishing in numbers, by subscription, pictorial illustrations of Shakspeare. This diligent and persevering translator had also other works in hand while publishing his translation of Shakspeare. In 1770 appeared a translation of Hervey's Meditations among the Tombs, a work which was followed in 1771 by a translation of Johnson's Life of Savage, together with an abridged translation of the same author's Life of Thomson. Six years afterwards came out his translation of the Poems of Ossian, by Macpherson, and Soame Jenyn's View of the Evidences of Christianity; while between the years 1784 and 1787 appeared his translation of Richardson's voluminous novel, Clarissa Harlowe. This was followed in 1788 by a translation of Interesting Memoirs of a Lady, and that of Pennant's Description of the Arctic Regions appeared the year after his death. Le Tourneur also revised the translation of the Universal History. Besides these numerous versions from the English, he translated from the German Sparmann's Journey to the Cape of Good Hope, 1787; and Memoirs of Baron Trenck, 1788; and from the Italian a selection of the Elegies of Ariosto. He held for several years the appointment of private secretary to Monsieur, afterwards Louis XVIII., and for a short time previous to his death the post of censeur-royal. He died in 1788. Le Tourneur was not a man of high and shining talents; and his confining himself to the comparatively humble work of translation seems to show that he, unlike many a greater man than himself, took a tolerably accurate measure of his own powers. But his labours, humble as they are, were perhaps of greater service to
