attempts, he at length effected his escape in a most extraordinary manner, and after suffering terrible hardships, succeeded in reaching Vienna in April, 1747. In the following year he entered the Russian service, but he returned to Vienna in 1749 to take possession of the property bequeathed to him by his cousin, and entered the service of Austria. In 1754, on the death of his mother, he proceeded to Dantzic to settle some family matters, and there, by a flagrant violation of international law as well as justice, was seized by a body of Prussian troops and conveyed to the strong fortress of Magdeburg. He was there treated with great barbarity, and was fed on a scanty allowance of bread and water. His repeated and all but successful efforts to escape, increased the severity of his confinement. In 1755, by the direct orders of Frederick himself, the unhappy youth was transferred to a horrible dungeon, handcuffed, loaded with enormous fetters, an iron collar fastened round his neck, and his feet chained to a bar which allowed him to move only two or three feet; yet by an almost superhuman exercise of strength, skill, and industry, he on three several occasions, all but regained his freedom. At length, after the conclusion of the war between Austria and Prussia in 1763, he was set at liberty, having undergone an imprisonment of eleven years. He took up his residence in Aix-la-Chapelle, where he married the daughter of a burgomaster; published some poems, including "The Macedonian Hero," directed against the Prussian king; conducted with considerable success a weekly paper called the Friend of Man; and carried on business as a wine merchant. He spent six years on his estates in Hungary, engaged in agricultural pursuits. He published, in 1787, his memoirs of his own life, which produced an extraordinary sensation, and were translated into almost all European languages. In 1791 Trenck visited France, having eagerly adopted the revolutionary doctrines prevalent in that country, but he was denounced as a spy, thrown into prison, and ultimately guillotined, 25th July, 1794.—J. T.
* TRENTOFSKI, Bronislav Ferdinand, a Polish writer on education and psychology, was born in 1808 near Warsaw. Exiled in consequence of the revolution of 1830, he settled at Freiburg in Germany, and published in 1836 "De vita hominis æterna;" which was followed in 1837 by a treatise in German, "The Basis of Universal Philosophy;" and in 1840 by "Studies on the Science of Nature." Between 1842 and 1848 he published at Posen several works on government education and on logic, written in the Polish language.—R. H.
TRESCHOW, Niels, a Danish author of repute, was born at Drammen in Norway in 1751. He became rector of the academy of Elsinore in 1780, and subsequently held a like post in Christiania, and was appointed in 1803 professor of philosophy in the university of Copenhagen, which he exchanged in 1813 for a similar chair at the Norwegian capital. Two years afterwards he was made superintendent of public instruction and church affairs in Norway. He died in 1833. Besides many minor productions he has left various larger philosophical works—all displaying, in addition to vigorous intellect and great learning, an unprejudiced love of truth, while they are written in an attractive style, which sometimes rises into eloquence.—J. J.
TREVIGI, Girolamo da, was born at Trevigi in 1497; he was the scholar and apparently also the son of Piermaria Pennacchi. He studied also at Bologna, and painted some time at Genoa, executing a few admirable pictures, in which he endeavoured to follow the style of Raphael. Girolamo finally settled in this country, and entered the service of Henry VIII., by whom he was employed chiefly as architect and engineer, at a salary of about £100 a year. He was with the king at the siege of Boulogne in 1544, and was there killed by a cannon ball, in his forty-seventh year. The picture mentioned as his masterpiece by Vasari, a "Madonna and Child enthroned, with Saints," formerly in San Domenico in Bologna, is now in the London National gallery. Girolamo da Trevigi was an excellent portrait painter.—(Federici, Memorie Trevigiane su le opere di disegno, &c., 2 vols. 4to, Venice, 1803.)—R. N. W.
TREVISA, John, an English priest, who was vicar of Barclay in the reign of Richard II. He is said to have translated the Bible into English at the solicitation of the lord of Barclay, who had a particular regard for him. He also made a translation of the Polychronicon of Raoul of Chester, and was the author of "Polychronici continuationes;" "De Memorabilibus temporum;" "Gesta Regis Arthuri;" and a "Description of Britain and Ireland."
TREVISANI, Francesco, Cavaliere, was born at Capo d'Istria in 1656, and died at Rome in 1746. He studied under Antonio Zanchi at Venice, and there established himself; but having eloped with a young Venetian lady of family, he fled to Rome to escape from her relations. In Rome Trevisani found great and powerful patrons, forsook the Venetian taste for that of the Carracci, and became a follower of Carlo Maratti. He was one of the most brilliant of the academical school of painters, had a great facility in imitating the styles of other masters, and painted pictures in almost every class of art.—R. N. W.
TREVITHICK, Richard, a distinguished British engineer, the inventor of the first practical high-pressure fixed and locomotive steam-engines. He was a pupil of Murdock, Watt's assistant, and became a mining captain or engineer in Cornwall, his native county. In 1802 he patented, along with Andrew Vivian, a high-pressure non-condensing steam-engine, to be used chiefly for propelling carriages on common roads or on railways. The high-pressure steam-engine and the locomotive had been previously projected by Leupold and by Watt. Murdock about 1784 had made a working model of a locomotive engine; and an actual steam locomotive carriage had been made and used, though without success, in France, by Cugnot, about 1770. The peculiar merit of Trevithick's inventions consisted in their practical success. A locomotive engine on his plan was made in 1803, and worked on a railway in South Wales, in 1804-5, drawing a net load of ten tons at a speed of five miles an hour; and its use was abandoned merely because the rails were too weak to bear its weight. The locomotive engine was afterwards simplified and improved by Blenkinsop and others, and especially by Hedley, who discovered in 1813 that the adhesion between smooth driving wheels and rails gave sufficient propelling power. (As to the later history of the locomotive, see Stephenson, George.) In 1815 the simplicity of Trevithick's high-pressure steam-engine, and its small bulk and weight compared with its power, were considered by the projectors of a mining enterprise in Peru to make it peculiarly suitable for use in remote and wild regions, and they therefore appointed Trevithick the chief engineer of their undertaking. He went to Peru in 1816, and was received with high honour by the authorities; and so far as his skill and exertions went, nothing was wanting to make the enterprise successful. But it proved a failure, and Trevithick in 1827 returned to England, where he continued to practise his profession.—W. J. M. R.
TREVOR, Sir John, Knight, a secretary of state in the reign of Charles II., was descended of an ancient Welsh family, and was born in 1626. His father was Sir John Trevor of Trevallin in Denbighshire. We are told by Anthony Wood in his Athenæ Oxoniensis, that both father and son had been "halters in the rebellion, and adherers to the usurper." The elder Sir John had, it is true, served in the Long parliament, but he wished well to the Restoration, and took part in the measures preparatory to the accomplishment of that event. Their loyalty cannot have been very grievously suspected, as the son was appointed a gentleman of the bed-chamber soon after the return of Charles, and was in 1668 sent as special envoy to France for the purpose of furthering the design contemplated by the triple alliance. This celebrated treaty, which had been concluded about a month before the departure of Trevor, through the energy, judgment, and address of Sir William Temple, bound England, Holland, and Sweden to bring about peace between France and Spain, and to defend the Low Countries from the rapacity of Louis XIV. Trevor negotiated the provisional treaty, which was signed at St. Germain-en-Laye on the 15th of April, 1668, and received its full confirmation and development in the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle on the 2nd of May the same year. He was rewarded for his services with the honour of knighthood, and in the September after his return to England was, through the influence of Buckingham, appointed secretary of state in the room of Sir W. Morrice. This post he held till his death, which took place after a short illness on the 28th of May, 1672. Sir John Trevor was married to Ruth, one of the daughters of the illustrious Hampden, and left a numerous family. He was an able and upright statesman, but hindered from following out his good intentions by the perverse designs of his sovereign. Charles, as is well known, soon departed from the policy of the triple alliance, and at the instigation of the duke of York, and with the zealous support of the same Arlington who had sent Temple to the Hague to negotiate that treaty, entered into disgraceful
