late; the freshness and vigour of the Spanish drama having passed away before Zamora set foot upon the stage.—R. M., A.
ZAMORA, Lorencio de, a Spanish poet, who died in 1614. His poem on the history of Saguntum, and of its siege by Hannibal, appeared at Alcala in 1589, and is entitled "De la Historia de Sagunto, Numancia y Cartago, compuesta per Lorencio de Zamora, natural de Ocaña." This poem, consisting of nineteen cantos of ottava rima, and of about five hundred pages, ends abruptly, with the promise, however, of a continuation. It was written, the author tells us, when he was only eighteen years old; but though he lived to be an old man, he does not seem ever to have attempted its completion. The "Historia de Sagunta" was one of the numerous poems on subjects connected with the national history, which are to be ascribed to the passion for epic poetry that characterized the age of Cervantes and Lope de Vega.—R. M., A.
ZAMOYSKI, the name of a family illustrious in the annals of Poland:—John Sarius Zamoyski, eminent as a scholar, statesman, and general, was born in 1541 at Skokoff in the palatinate of Culm. At the age of twelve he went to study at the university of Paris, whence he proceeded to Padua. Such excellent use did he make of his opportunities, that in his twenty-third year he published a scholarly dissertation, "De Senatu Romano," which was attributed to Sigonius, a professor of long-established reputation for learning. The treatise is reprinted in Grævii Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum, i. 13. He subsequently published other learned tracts; and returning home with a reputation for extraordinary learning, he was promptly employed by King Sigismund Augustus in the service of the state. For three years he laboured assiduously at the arrangement of the public archives, making valuable notes as he proceeded. In 1572 his patron died, and Zamoyski engaged actively in politics, and was one of the deputation sent to Paris to announce to Henry of Anjou his election to the throne of Poland. On the succession of that prince to the French crown Zamoyski's exertions and influence carried the election of Stephen Bathory, in whom he found a worthy fellow-worker for the prosperity and glory of Poland. The life of Zamoyski during that ten years' reign (1576 to 1586) will be found in the history of his country, where he was the most prominent man next to the king. When Stephen died, the influence of his minister over the nation was scarcely diminished. He decided the election in favour of Sigismund III., whose affairs, both civil and military, he conducted with great skill and success. He was not, however, very conciliatory, and in the last year of his life he came from a country retreat, and roughly expostulated with the king in the open senate, endeavouring to dissuade the latter from taking for his second wife the sister of his first, an Austrian princess. A bitter altercation ensued. Zamoyski shortly after retired to his estates, where he died, 3rd July, 1605. —John Zamoyski, grandson of the above, was born in 1626, and distinguished himself greatly as a general in the reign of John Casimir. He died suddenly at Warsaw in 1665 while attending the diet; his widow, a beautiful Frenchwoman, became subsequently the wife of John Sobieski.—Andrew Zamoyski, a descendant of the above by a collateral line who inherited the fief of Zamoski, distinguished himself by his administrative talents during the last period of Polish independence. He was born in 1716, received a liberal education, and entered the military service of Saxony, in which he rose to the rank of major-general. On the election of Poniatoffski to the throne in 1764, he was made keeper of the great seal, an office which he resigned in 1766, from disgust at the tyrannizing influence exercised by Russia over the councils of Warsaw. He spent nearly all the remainder of his life in a private manner, engaged chiefly in the development of a constitutional code. He was in Italy when he heard that the Poles had, in 1791, proclaimed his constitution. He hastened home, but died shortly after reaching Zamoski, on the 10th of February, 1792.—R. H.
* ZAMOYSKI, Andrew, Count, the distinguished Polish patriot, known among his countrymen by the affectionate title of Master Andrew, was born in 1800. He was carefully educated for public life, and after studying in England, France, and Switzerland, was attached to the Warsaw ministry of the interior as director of agriculture and commerce. At the revolution of 1830 he became minister of the department, and was afterwards sent on a diplomatic mission to Vienna. He succeeded in arranging with Prince Metternich an Austrian mediation; but before he could carry the intelligence to the seat of war Warsaw had fallen, and Zamoyski became a prisoner in the hands of Paskievitch, who threatened to shoot him. When allowed to return home Zamoyski devoted himself to developing the resources of the country, by improving the husbandry, commerce, navigation, and other means of transit, and by founding the well-known Agricultural Society. In the troubles of 1861 every one looked up to him for guidance. He would countenance no undertaking that transgressed the bounds of legality. He discouraged demonstrations and conspiracies. In August, 1862, the Grand Duke Constantine wished to know the feelings of the leading Polish nobles with regard to the crisis. A meeting took place, at which a constitution was spoken of, and an address agreed to entreating the emperor to grant certain privileges to all the provinces that once constituted Poland. For his part in this discussion Count Zamoyski was exiled, and when his countess lay on her deathbed he was refused permission to return home to see her. In England, where he resides for a time, he has addressed several public meetings on behalf of his country, which he calls upon all true men to assist in her struggle for life and freedom.—R. H.
ZAMPIERI, Domenico, commonly called Domenichino, one of the most distinguished of the Bolognese painters, was born at Bologna in 1581; and having acquired the rudiments of his art in the studio of the Fleming, Denis Calvart, he passed into the then popular school of the Carracci, established at Bologna in the year 1589. Early in the seventeenth century Albani invited Domenichino to Rome, where he soon obtained the reputation of being the greatest master of his time. The first work which attracted notice was his fresco in the church of San Gregorio, painted in competition with Guido; it represents the "Flagellation of St. Andrew," and is allowed by common consent to surpass the work of his distinguished rival. Another very elaborate picture painted by Domenichino at Rome, is the altar-piece of "The Communion of St. Jerome in the Church at Bethlehem," now hanging in the gallery of the Vatican, opposite to the "Transfiguration" by Raphael—the only picture in Rome which, in the opinion of Andrea Sacchi and Nicolas Poussin, it is not superior to; and for this large altar-piece, painted about 1614, the poor painter received only fifty Roman crowns, or about five English guineas, the fee which an English picture-cleaner would charge for varnishing it. The "Martyrdom of St. Sebastian," a fresco now in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli, is another of the masterpieces of this painter. There is a mosaic of it in its former place in St. Peter's. Domenichino's fame spread over Italy, and excited an extraordinary hostility in some of his rivals. He was about 1630 invited to Naples, where he commenced some very extensive works for the cathedral; but, owing to the invidious hatred of the malignant Spagnoletto, then at the head of a notorious cabal to exclude strangers from the benefits of Neapolitan patronage, this proved the bane of his existence. Domenichino was intrusted with the painting in fresco of the Cappella del Tesoro, but what little he completed was afterwards destroyed by Lanfranco, one of his Roman rivals, who always displayed an invidious hostility towards him. Domenichino, after much persecution, died at Naples on the 15th of April, 1641, not without suspicion of having been poisoned by the agents of the infamous cabal, the heads of which were the notorious triumvirate, Belisario Cerenzio, Giuseppe Ribera, and Giambattista Carracciolo. Domenichino is considered the chief of the so-called Carracceschi, and one of the greatest masters of the seventeenth century. His drawing, his colouring, and his composition are all admirable in his best efforts.—R. N. W.
ZANCHI, Girolamo, theologian; born, probably at Alzano in the territory of Bergamo, 2nd February, 1516; died blind, at Heidelberg, 19th November, 1590. Having adopted the tenets of Peter Martyr, he subscribed with some reserve the Augsburg Confession, and was admired in his day as an able controversialist. His works fill nine folio volumes.—C. G. R.
ZANNICHELLI, Giovanni Girolamo, an Italian naturalist, was born at Modena in 1662, and died at Venice on the 11th January, 1729. He studied at Venice, and in 1684 became a member of the Society of Apothecaries of that city. The duke of Modena conferred on him the degree of doctor of medicine, and the honour was afterwards confirmed by the bishop of Parma. He made a large collection of fossil plants and animals, and also devoted much attention to botany. He published works—"De Ferro;" "Lithographia Montium Veronensium;" "De Insecto quodam aquatili;" "Opuscula Botanica;" "De Rusco," &c. A genus of plants has been named Zannichellia after him.—J. H. B.
