tory, which seems to have been under the control of Osroes during the Adiabene campaign.[1]
Trajan's whole campaign followed the pattern set by Caesar, and comparison with later and better known expeditions makes fairly clear the route followed. That there was an army on the Euphrates is proved by numerous references to it[2] and by a triumphal arch at Dura-Europus,[3] there is no evidence for another on the Tigris. The erection of the arch and the presence of Trajan at Ozogardana,[4] just below modern Hit, suggest that the Emperor accompanied the Euphrates force. Present evidence leads us to believe, then, that Trajan and his army descended the Euphrates River along with the fleet, which kept pace with the land forces. Only the steersmen and the lookouts were trained sailors; the other members of the crews were recruited from the villages along the
- ↑ Mšiḥa Zkha, p. 5 (tr. p. 80), whose sources recalled the visit of Trajan. Another mention of Osroes as being in the north occurs in connection with his campaign against Manisarus (see p. 227). See also Pausanias v. 12. 6.
- ↑ E.g., in Arrian, Dio Cassius, and Ammianus Marcellinus.
- ↑ S. Gould in Baur, Rostovtzeff, and Bellinger, Excavations at Dura-Europos, Fourth Season, pp. 56–65.
- ↑ See p. 232 and nn. 94 f. This place is above the point where he would have crossed over from the Tigris. If we are correct in assigning the places mentioned in Arrian Parthica xiii to the Adiabene campaign, the army must have gone as far south as Kirkuk. It might seem questionable that they should return north and cross to the Euphrates instead of continuing down the Tigris, but quite possibly we are misled by casual mentions of these places into believing that the campaign covered more territory and took longer than was actually the case.
