paign against Mobile" was brevetted major-general of volunteers in March, 18G5. He was United States marshal in Massaehusetts from 18G7 to 1S71, and was professor of French at West Point from 1871 to 1882, and of modern languages from 1882 until his retirement in 1892.
ANDREWS, Loren (1819-61). An American educator and sixth president of Kenyon College. He was born in Ashland Co., Ohio, and was educated at Kenyon College. He took an active interest in the common schools, and it is said that much of the present excellence of the Ohio school sj-stem is due to him. His
administration at Kenyon College was also very successful. At the beginning of the Civil War
President Andrews raised a company in Knox County and was made captain. Afterward, as colonel of the Fourth Ohio Volunteers, he saw severe service in Virginia. He died of camp fever while in active service.
ANDREWS, Lorrin (1795-18G8). An Amer-
ican educator. He was born in East Windsor,
Conn., educated at Jefferson College. Pa., and
Princeton Theological Seminary, and went as
missionary to the Sandwich Islands in 1827. In
1831 he founded what became the Hawaiian Uni-
versity, in which he was professor. He was long
privy councillor and judge under the native gov-
ernment. He wrote a Hawaiian dictionary, and
published jnirt of the Bible in that tongue.
ANDREWS, ST. See St. Andrews.
ANDREWS, ST. University of. See St. Andrews, University of.
ANDREWS, Samuel James (1817 — ) . Anlr-
vingite divine. He vas born at Danbury, Conn.,
July 31, 1817, graduated at Williams College,
1839; practiced law for some years, but turned
his attention to theolog}', and was a Congrega-
tional pastor from 1848 to 1855. In 1856 he be-
came pastor of the Catholic and Apostolic Church
(Irvingite) at Hartford, Conn. His publica-
tions embrace: Life of Ovr Lord Upon llw Earth,
Considered in Its Historical, Chronological, and
(Geographical Helations (New York, 1863; new
and whollv revised edition, 1891) ; Gnd's Revela-
tions of 'Himself to Men (1885), Christianity
and Anti-Christianity in Their Final Confiict
(1898),- y;i,c Church and Its Organic Ministry
(1899), Willium Watson Andi-ews: A Religions
liiographii (1900).
ANDREWS, Stephen Pearl (1812-86). An
eccentric writer and originator of a system of
stenographic reporting. He was born in Temple-
ton, Mass., studied for the law, and became in-
volved in the abolition agitation, for which he
undertook a mission to England. While there
he learned phtmography, and on his return to
America devised a popular system of phono-
graphic reporting. To further this he published
a series of instruction books and edited two jour-
nals, the Anglo-Saxon and the Propagandist.
He was a remarkable linguist, but an erratic
scholar and writer. He devised a "scientific"
language, "Alwato." in which he was wont to
converse and correspond with pupils. At the
time of his death he was compiling a dictionary
of it, which was published posthumously.
ANDREWS, Thomas (1813-85). An Irish
chemist and physicist, born at Belfast. He stud-
ied medicine aiul the physical sciences at Glas-
gow, Paris. Edinburgh, and Dublin. After prac-
ticing medicine for several years in his native
city, he became, in 18 45, professor of chemistry
at Queen's College, which position he resigned
in 1879. Andrews carried out a number of im-
portant researches on the heat developed during
various chemical transformations, and on the
natuie of ozone. His most important contribu-
tion to science, however, was the discovery
(1861) of the continuity of the liquid and gas-
eous states. He was the tirst to find that for
eveiy gas there is a temperature (called the
critical temperature) above which the gas cannot
be liquefied, no matter how great the pressure ex-
erted upon it. Below that temperature the gas
may be partly liquefied, gas and liquid being
separated by the surface of the latter. Precisely
at the critical temperature, however, the surface
of separation disappears, and the substance en-
ters into a homogeneous state, coml>ining the
properties both of the liquid and the gaseous
states. This continuity of states renders it pos-
sible to extend to liquids the laws of gases, and
thus establishes an intimate relationship between
the properties of matter in the two states.
See Critical Point.
ANDREWS, William (1848—). An English
author. He was born at Kirkby-Woodhouse,
England, and was educated at private academies.
In 1890 he established the Press, one of the lead-
ing papers of Hull, which he conducted until
1900, in which year he was appointed chief li-
brarian of the Hull Subscription Library. He is
also a member of the Yorkshire Dialect Society
and of the East Biding Antiquarian Society.
Among his principal publications are: Bygone
England (1892), Literary Byways, Ecclesias-
tical Curiosities (1899), Old Church Lore
(1891), Legal Lore and North Country Poets
(1888).
ANDREWS, William Draper (1818-96).
An American inventor. He was born at Grafton,
Mass. In 1844 he invented the centrifugal pump,
which made it possible to save from abandoned
Avreeks goods not injured by water. This pump,
patented here in 1846, was manufactured in Eng-
land as the Gwynne pump. Afterward he in-
vented and patented the anti-friction centrifugal
pump, made various modifications of the centri-
fugal pumps, of which the "Catai-act" is the
mcist important, and patented a widely used sys-
tem of gangs of tul)e wells.
ANDREWS, William Watson (1810-97). An American clergyman of the Catholic Apostolic Church. He was born at Windham, Windham County. Conn., graduated in 1831 at Yale, and in 1834 was ordained and installed pastor of the Congregational church at Kent. Conn. He early accepted the tenet of the Catholic Apostolic Church, commonly spoken of as the "Irvingites," and in 1849. having given up his charge at Kent, he assumed charge of the Catholic Apostolic congregation in Potsdam, N. Y. He subsequently made his home in Wcthersfield, Conn., and traveled much in the Eastern and Middle Stales as evangelist. Among the congregations^ established under his direction was one organized at Hartford in 1868. He was an eloquent preacher, and a clear and forceful writer. He contributed articles on the Catholic Apostolic Church to the Bihliotheca Sacra and McClintock and Strong's Cyclopwdia, jiropaied for the Life of President Porter a chapter on Dr. Porter as "A Student at Yale," and published many reviews, orations sermons and addresses. andT/ie Miscellanies and
