Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/620

CHATELET. 540 CHATHAM. cliutelet situated on the presont Plaec du Chiltc- iet was remodeled in the years 150t) and 1G84, lieeanie the seat of royal justiee for Paris, and <onlinued sueli until the Iteviilulion of ITSll. Ollieials were added gradually until just previous to the Revolution the list luinihered over 700. The lirst morgue was established under the elu"itelet in I'M'.i. It was also a noted prison, and although Loiis Xl. endeavored to abolish it in 1780, it still eontained many prisoners at the opening of the Kevolution. In 1802 the larsje chfitelet was demolished to oi>en the way for the Boulevard Sebastopol. The small ehatelet situated near the present lliitel-Oieu was re- liuilt in the Twelfth and Thirteenth centuries, and used as a prison in the Eighteenth Century. Jt was demolished in 1782. CHATELET, Le Grand. A fortress in Paris, .said hv trailitiiin to have Ihh'ii built by Julius Casar, and known to have been in existenee in 88.5 at the Nornum siege of Paris. It later be- eanie the castle of the Counts of Paris and the centre of the judicial system of the city. As the city prison it was notorious for its treatment of ])ris(iners. 11 was n'muved in 1802. CHATELET-LOMONT, sha'Ma'16'moN', G.- HKiKl.i.K K.Mii.lK. .Marquise du (1706-49). A French author, horn in Paris. She was dis- tinguished for her wit, talent, and learning, cspivially in mathematics and pliysics. but ehielly f<u- her intimacy with Voltaire, who was for several years her guest at Cirey, her complacent husband's country seat on the Lorraine frontier. In 1747 she exchanged Voltaire's cooling affec- tions for those of Captain Saint-Lambert, hut the philosopher remained her devoted and indulgent friend till her death in childbirth two years later. She translated Newton's I'rhiripia. with annotations, and wrote on the philosophy of Leib- nitz, hut her <'urrrKj)ii)idiinfc with Voltaire is the most instructive and interesting of her proihu'- tions. Consult Capefigue, l,ii mdrijuise du ('hu- ll I, t (Paris. 18(i,S). CHATELLERAULT, shi'tel'rA' (Med. Lat. Castriim Hcroldi, ('a.itellum Airaldi, herald's castle). A town of Franiw, capital of an arron- dissenient in the Department of Vienne. situated on the river of that name. 18 miles north- northeast of Poitiers (Map: France, G o). . handr.onie stone bridge, with a massive castellated gateway built by Sully, connects it with a suburb on the other side of the river. Chatellerault, which is an ill-built, mean- looking town, is one of the chief seats of the manufacture of cutlery in France, and since 1820 has had a national manufactory of swords and bayonets, employing nearly 2000 workmen. There are also extensive manufactures of mill- stones, watches, leather, candles, and lace. Its river-port makes it the entrepot for the pro- duce of wine, brandy, and prunes of an ex- tensive district. Population, in lOOL of town, 17,962; of commune, 20.80L Consult Lalanne. Hisloirc dc riuitellcrault (Chatellerault, 18.59). CHATHAM, chat'oni (AS. Coleham. village of huts, from cot, hut + ham, inclosure). A Parliamentary borough, river-port, fortified town, and naval arsenal, in the county of Kent, Eng- land, on the estuary of the Medway, 30 miles east-southeast of London (Map: England. G ,5). It lies a little to the east of Rochester, with which it is practically united. The streets are generally irregular and narrow, but much has been done to improve this since the incorporation of the town in 1890. It sends one member to Parliament. Its gas and water sup]ily is fur nished by private companies, but the municijial ily has liuilt a pier, established a public park and recreation grounds, constructed a line new town hall and municipal oflices, and expends a considerable sum on technical education. Chat- ham owes its importance to its naval and mill lary establishments, situated at Brompton village (on a height half a mile north of Chatham). The so-called lines or fortifications which inclose these works are the frequent scenes of Held ojx^ralions. sham lights, and reviews. I'nmi a military jxiint of view, the lines of de- 1 ached forts connected with Chatham, which have superseded for defensive purposes the old 'lines.' constitute a fortification of great strength, and. together with the strong forts I rected on the Medway. form an excellent pro- tection to London from invasion from the south- east coast. Chatham is an imp<irtant military post with large infantry, artilli'ry. and engine<?r liarracks. a school of military engineering, and a hirge military hos|ii(al. .s a naval base, it is one of the most iniporlant in the kingdom. The royal dockyard, which was first established by l^lueen Elizabeth, endiraces an area of about .500 acres and contains building slips and floating docks in which the largest ships of the navy nuiy he built or repaired. One basin, famous for its size, has a frontage of 6000 feet and a width of SOO feet. .t times .5000 workmen are employed. In connection with the yard is a metal mill which supplies it with copper plates and bolts. Mel- ville Hospital is a large establishment for .sailors and marines. There are also extensive barracks for marines. Population, in 1891. 31.700; in 1901. 40.800. Consult "Chatham," in Miniiciixil ■hiiiniiil I London, 1900). CHATHAM. . town in Xorthunibcrhind Comity, New Brunswick, on the Miramichi Riv- er, near its entrance into Miramichi Bay, six miles northeast of Newcastle (.Ma]i: New Bnuis- wick. n 2). It has a Roman Catlmlic cathedral, a loUcge. hospital, and a temperance hall. It is a port of entry, with a fine harbor, shipyards, foimdries. mills, gas-works, and a large export trade in fish, lumber, etc. Po]nilation, 5000. CHATHAM. A town in Kent County. On- tario. Canada, on the Thames River, 4,5 miles east-norlhcast of Detroit, .Mich., reached by the Grand Trunk Railway and the Erie and Huron Railroad, and by steamboats from lakes Erie and Huron (Maj): Ontario, A 5). It is in a rich agricultural district, has a large trade in grain and hnnber, and manufactures machinery, car- riages, wagons, iron goods, woolens, soap, and tobacco. The United States is represented bv a consul. Population, in 1891, 90.52; in 1901, 9008. CHATHAM. A borough in Morris County. X. .1., 23 miles from New York City and 13 miles west of Newark, on the Passaic River and on the Lackawanna Railroad (Maj): New •Tersey, D 2). With a picturesque situation and good roads, it has become a residential suburb of New York and Newark. It is the centre of an ex- tensive rose-growing industry. Chatham owns and operates its water-works and electric-light plant. It was incorporated as a village in 1892