lower divisions; thus it is disputed whether the middle part of the Ulpian basilica at Rome was roofed, and was a real nave, or open to the sky like a court.
The original meaning of the word was, however, different. It applied to all that part of a church which was farthest from the sanctuary, that is, that part into which the people entered from out of doors, excluding, however, the narthex or porch. For convenience, and because the majority of Christian churches in the West are oriented (see Orientation), this may be called the Western part.
In the churches of the basilica type, then, all to the east of the great transept was the nave; and this use of the term continues. Thus, if we are speaking of a cruciform church, we speak of the eastern part as the choir; the middle part, which has its greatest length athwart the main lines of the church, we call the transept, and all west of the transept (except porch or tower) is the nave. In this sense, the nave includes the middle division and the side divisions, and we are compelled to say of the cathedral of Le Mans, for instance, that the nave consists of a nave and two aisles, while the choir has a nave and four aisles. These are difficulties only to be overcome by the use of explanatory phrases.
NAVESINK (năv′e-sĭṉk) HIGHLANDS. A chain of hills forming a bold headland inside of Sandy Hook, in Monmouth County, New Jersey (Map: New Jersey, D 3). They are important landmarks to ships approaching New York. On them are located two first-class lighthouses, fifty-three feet high, both of which show fixed white lights. The adjacent region, which is very beautiful and easily accessible from New York City, attracts many visitors.
NAVEZ, nȧ′vā̇′, François (1787-1869). A Belgian biblical and genre painter. He was born at Charleroi, November 16, 1787, and first studied under Isidore and Joseph François. He was a pupil of the Academies of Brussels and Ghent, and studied with David, in whose manner his works are executed. From 1817 to 1822 Navez was at Rome, after which he settled permanently in Belgium. He was made director of the Brussels Academy, and died at Brussels, October 12, 1869. Among his best works are the “Nymph Salmacis and Hermaphroditus” (1829), Ghent Museum; “Elijah Raising the Shunamite's Son” (1821), and the “Meeting of Isaac and Rebecca” (1826), Haarlem Pavilion; “The Holy Family” (1851), Antwerp Museum; “The Spinning Women of Fondi” (1845), New Pinakothek, Munich; and “Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert,” Brussels Museum.
NAVICULAR DISEASE (Lat. navicularia, relating to ships, from navicula, diminutive of navis, ship). A disease of the horse, consisting in strain of the strong flexor tendon of the foot, at the point within the hollow of the fetlock where it passes over the navicular bone. It is most common among the lighter breeds of horses, and especially where the pasterns are upright, toes outturned, and work is early and severe on hard roads. It soon gives rise to a short tripping yet cautious gait, undue wear of the toe of the shoe, wasting of the muscles of the shoulder, and projecting or pointing of the a fleeted limb while standing. Give rest, remove the shoe, shorten the toe, and apply hot poultices, changed every few hours. Laxative medicine and bran mashes may be ordered. After a few days, and when the heat and tenderness abate, cold applications should be given; after another week the animal may be placed for two months in a grass field, where the ground is soft and moist; or, if sufficiently strong, at slow farm work on soft land. Division of the nerve going to the foot removes sensation, and consequently lameness, and hence is useful in relieving animals intended for breeding purposes or for slow work. The operation, however, is not to be recommended where fast work is required, for the animal, being insensible to pain, uses the limb as if nothing were amiss, and the disease rapidly becomes worse. See Horse.
NAVIES (OF. navie, from Lat. navia, ship, variant of navis, Gk. ναῦς, naus, Skt. nāu, OIcel. nōr, ship, naust, naval station; connected with Gk. νεῖν, nein, to swim). The term navy is applied to the armed force of a country which operates on the water or in coast and harbor defense. The history of navies goes back to the earliest days of ships, for no sooner were such craft built than their value as weapons of war was at once seen. The Chinese were among the earliest of navigators, but little is known concerning their ancient fighting craft. The most ancient war vessels of which the details are known were those of the Egyptians, and the date assigned to them is B.C. 3000. At the same time it is evident that there were many other peoples that possessed fighting vessels, and that the Egyptians were far from paramount; for they had repeated naval combats with the Mysians, Phocæans, and Phœnicians, and probably also with the Pelasgians, Daunians, Oscans, Cretans, and Sicilians. It is therefore impossible to fix any sort of priority to the possession of naval defense. Herodotus says: “These Phocæans were the first of all the Greeks who undertook long voyages, and they are the people who discovered the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas, and Iberia and Tartessus (a part of modern Spain). They made their voyages in fifty-oared galleys and not in merchant ships.” At this time, and for a long time subsequent and anterior, the shapes of merchant and war vessels were quite different, the former being broad and suitable for carrying cargo and the latter narrow and sharp so as to make speed. In addition, the war vessels were built with rams and other warlike appurtenances, while the merchant vessels made a much greater use of sails.
The command of the sea, so far as the Mediterranean was concerned, finally passed to the Phœnicians. Of their cities, Tyre soon took the lead in wealth and power, reaching its zenith about B.C. 1000, when the expression ‘a Tyrian sea’ became “a proverbial expression for a sea whose navigation was prohibited to all but those who claimed the ownership thereof.” After a more or less complete naval supremacy lasting many centuries the power of the Phœnicians began to wane through the repeated assaults of the Assyrians, who attacked Phœnicia by land. Notwithstanding great numerical inferiority, the Phœnicians managed, though defeated, to preserve their independence, though in 870 they were compelled to pay tribute. In 724-720 Tyre w.as captured, but not destroyed, and in 650 the Tyrians threw off the foreign yoke. But the de-
