at Nanking, in 1674, by Félicien Pacheco 成際理 (T. 竹君, 1622–1686). He died ten years later.
T'ung Kuo-ch'i had a garden in Nanking named P'i Yüan 僻園, in praise of which Sung Wan [q. v.] and others wrote a number of poems, collected under the title P'i-yüan ch'ang-ho shih (唱和詩). T'ung himself left a collection of poems, entitled 茇亭詩集 Po-t'ing shih-chi, as well as several collections of memorials. He had several sons, among whom may be mentioned T'ung Shih-nan 佟世南 whose collection of poems is entitled 東白詩集 Tung-po shih-chi; and T'ung Shih-lin 佟世臨 (T. 醒園), who also left a collection of poems, entitled to 如是遊草 Ju-shih yu-ts'ao.
Several other members of the T'ung family, though not baptized, were interested in Christianity. The brothers, T'ung Kuo-kang and T'ung Kuo-wei [qq. v.], were intimate with the missionaries and are reported to have had a Christian chapel in their house.
[3/151/23a; 7/2/14a; 24/2/3a; T'ieh-pao [q. v.], Hsi-ch'ao ya-sung chi, 2/3b; Chekiang t'ung-chih, chüan 121; Hsüeh-ch'iao shih-hua (see under Shêng-yü), hsü-chi 2/30b; Tung-hua lu, Shun-chih, 17:2; Kan-hsien chih, 49 (4)/32a; Kanchow fu-chih, 41/34a, 72/1a, 72/2b; Ch'ien-Ch'ien-i [q. v.], Mu-chai yu-hsüeh chi, 16/15b, 33/4b; T'ien-chu-chiao ch'uan-hsing Chung-kuo k'ao (傳行中國考) TT ), chüan 5; Couplet, P., (see under Wu Li), Histoire d'une dame chrétienne de la Chine (Chinese tr. by Hsü Yün-hsi 徐允希, 1938).]
T'UNG Kuo-kang 佟國綱, d. Sept. 3, 1690, general, was the eldest son of T'ung T'u-lai [q. v.] and uncle of Emperor Shêng-tsu on his mother's side. In 1662, four years after his father died, he succeeded to the hereditary rank of viscount of the third class, and soon thereafter was promoted from an officer of the guard to a chamberlain. In 1675 he assisted Oja (see under Dodo) in the suppression of the rebellion of the Chahar Mongols, being commander of the reserves with the title of An-pei chiang-chün 安北將軍. When, two years later, Emperor Shêng-tsu, in memory of his own mother, posthumously raised the rank of his grandfather, T'ung T'u-lai, to duke of the first class he made T'ung Kuo-kang successor to the title. In 1681 the latter was made lieutenant-general of the Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner, and concurrently in 1683 general commandant of the musketry division. In 1688 he memorialized the Emperor requesting that, since his clan was originally Manchu, permission be granted to enroll in a Manchu Banner. As a result, his father's branch of the Tfung clan was transferred from the Chinese Plain Blue Banner to the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, and hence was thereafter referred to in official accounts as the Tunggiya. The rest of the clan remained Chinese Bannermen.
T'ung Kuo-kang was one of the envoys who in 1688, under the leadership of Songgotu [q. v.], were sent to settle the boundary dispute with Russia. But when the envoys reached the southern boundary of the Khalkas and learned that Galdan [q. v.] was invading that territory they were forced to return to Peking. T'ung Kuo-kang was sent again in the following year, and was one of the signers of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. In the accounts of the Jesuit, Jean François Gerbillon, one of the interpreters of the mission (see under Songgotu), T'ung Kuo-kang is referred to as "Kiou-kieou" (舅舅 chiu-chiu, i.e., maternal uncle), after the custom of the time. The Emperor, it may be added, also referred to him by this term.
In 1690 T'ung Kuo-kang served under Fu-ch'üan [q. v.] as commander of the artillery corps in the operations against Galdan. At the battle of Ulan-butung, in which the Manchu artillery played an active part, he was killed by musket fire, when the battle was nearly over and he was directing the withdrawal of the cannon. His death was deeply mourned by the Emperor. In addition to other honors, he was given the posthumous name Chung-yung 忠勇. When Emperor Shih-tsung founded the Temple to the Zealots of the Dynasty (昭忠祠) in 1724, the name of T'ung Kuo-kang was among the first to be commemorated there by sacrifices conducted twice each year.
His eldest son, Olondai 鄂崙岱 (d. 1726), inherited the dukedom in 1690 and was entrusted with commanding the division of fire-arms. Olondai served as a chamberlain of the guards for twenty-one years (1697–1702, 1709–25). In 1708 he was one of the officials who were requested to advise Emperor Shêng-tsu as to which of the Emperor's sons should be the Heir Apparent. But when they unanimously suggested the name of Yin-ssŭ [q. v.], the Emperor suspected collusion and reprimanded them (see under Maci and K'uei-hsü). From 1722 to 1725 Olondai showed in various ways his disapproval of Emperor Shih-tsung's persecution of the princes, and for his temerity he was severely punished.
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