ANVILLE, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', an eminent French geographer, was born in 1697, and died in 1782. He was particularly versed in the geography of the classic and the mediæval epochs. His maps of the world as known to the ancients, of the Roman empire, of Gaul, Italy, and Greece, are particularly valuable.
ANWERI or ANWARI, a poet of Persia, was born in the province of Khorassan, and died at Balkh about a.d. 1200. His original name was Nacoveri. He was distinguished in elegy, satire, and amatory poetry. He also studied astrology, and made some unsuccessful predictions.
A´NYTE of Tegea, a poetess of considerable celebrity, to whom are assigned several epigrams in the Greek Anthology. There is scarcely any clue to her exact date, and it is uncertain whether there were not two Anytes, one of Tegea, and another of Mitylene. The most probable conjecture assigns her to the period immediately subsequent to the reign of Alexander the Great. Her epigrams are full of spirit, and characterized by simplicity. An epigrammatist calls her the female Homer.—J. D.
A´NYTUS, an Athenian, the son of Athenion, lived about 410 b.c. He was an influential demagogue, but deserves notice only as one of the accusers of Socrates.
AODTH, Finliath, an Irish monarch, who ascended the throne a.d. 863. He married Malmaria, the daughter of Kenneth MacAlpine, king of the Irish colony of Scotland. He died in a.d. 879, after a reign of sixteen years. After his death his widow married his successor to the throne. Flan Siona.—(Wills.)—J. F. W.
APA´CZAI or APATZAI-TZERE, Johann, a Calvinist divine, born in 1621 at Apatza in Transylvania. After pursuing his studies at Clausenburg and Carlsburg, he became professor of oriental languages and philosophy in the university of Utrecht. His zeal, however, for the doctrines of Des Cartes rendered it necessary for him to leave Holland, and he returned to his native country, where he obtained a chair in the academy at Clausenburg; at which place he died in 1559.—F.
A´PAME, the name of several princesses of antiquity. The first was the wife of Seleucus Nicator, and the mother of Antiochus Soter, who founded, in her honour, the city of Apamia in Phrygia; another princess of the same name was the daughter of Antiochus Soter; and the third was the wife of Amynander, king of Athamania, about 208 b.c.
APARICIO, Don Jose, a distinguished Spanish painter of modern times. He was born at Alicante in 1773, and studied at Madrid, Paris, and Rome. His style inclines to that of David. Died in 1838.—R. M.
APCHON, Claude-Marc-Antoine d', was born at Montbrison about 1723. He at first embraced the military profession, but subsequently entered the church, and became bishop of Dijon in 1755, and archbishop of Anch in 1776. He was a man of great excellence of character, and much distinguished for his charity and benevolence. He died at Paris in 1783.
APEL, Friedrich August Ferdinand, a German lawyer, brother of Johann August, born at Leipzig, 1768, died in 1830.
APEL, Johann, was born at Nürnberg in 1486. In 1502 he was one of the first students enrolled in the new university of Wittemberg, in which he was afterwards rector and professor of law. He was a zealous adherent of Luther and the doctrines of the Reformation. He died about 1540.
APEL, Johann August, a popular German author, born at Leipzig in 1771, who wrote on a great variety of subjects, and produced a number of compositions in poetry, romance, the drama, &c. He died in 1816.
APELLAS or APOLLAS, a geographer of Cyrene, who is presumed to be the person referred to by Athenæus, as the author of a work on the towns of Peloponnesus, and who is therefore supposed to have lived 235 b.c.
APELLAS, one of the sculptors in bronze of the time and school of Phidias.
APELLES of Ephesus, a Greek painter of the third century b.c., who possessed high reputation at the court of Ptolemy Philopator, and is mentioned by Lucian, in his treatise of "Calumny," as having executed a fine picture, illustrative of that subject.
APELLES, one of the greatest painters of antiquity, supposed to have been born at Cos, a small island in the Ægean sea. The date of his birth is uncertain. We only know that he was at the summit of his fame in the reign of Alexander the Great, whose portrait he often painted. Alexander, indeed, refused to sit to any one else. He employed only four colours, and was skilful in the use of his varnishes, which, while they heightened the effect of his pictures, contributed to their preservation. He was the pupil of Pamphilus, a Macedonian, then residing at Sicyon, whose works bore a high reputation, and who charged a vast sum for them. He was driven by a storm to take shelter at Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, who had been a sort of colonel of life-guards to the Macedonian conqueror. An enemy, wishing to injure him in the estimation of Ptolemy, told him one day that the king had invited him to dinner. On arriving at the palace, he found Ptolemy enraged at his intrusion, and was commanded to point out the author of the hoax. This was impossible, as the impostor was not in the room. Apelles seized a piece of charcoal, and sketched so lively a portrait of his enemy on the wall, that Ptolemy immediately recognized the great master. Alexander treated him with a familiarity which reminds us of the honours paid to Titian by Charles V. Many anecdotes are told of his pictures, and many sayings in connection with art owe their origin to him. He never passed a day without trying to improve himself as a draughtsman; hence the phrase, Nulla dies sine lineâ. He once hid himself behind a picture which he had placed in the street, and waited to hear the criticisms of the passers-by. A shoemaker came and complained of the boots. Apelles remedied the defect, and the cobbler returning shortly afterwards, and finding his advice taken, proceeded to criticise the leg of the figure. Apelles, stepping out from his concealment, is said to have exclaimed, "Let not a cobbler go beyond his last;" hence the well-known proverb. His favourite subject was Aphrodite, the very type and perfection of feminine grace; and some of the most celebrated beauties of Greece unveiled themselves before him, and served as copies for his pencil. Phryne bathing in the sea at Eleusis furnished the model for one celebrated picture, and he fell in love with Campaspe, one of the mistresses of Alexander, who had sent her to sit for another. Alexander is said to have presented him with the lady of whom he was thus enamoured. Ælian tells the same story, but calls her Pancaste. Seeing Lais of Corinth, then a young girl, returning from the fountain, and, perhaps, balancing her urn on her head, he persuaded her to become one of his models, and shamefully contributed to her ruin. His masterpiece was "Venus rising out of the sea," which Augustus dedicated in the temple of Julius Cæsar at Rome. The lower parts were injured, and no person could be found capable of restoring them. Nero had a copy, or, as some say, another picture painted by Dorotheus, and placed in the room of it. Death cut off Apelles before he had completed another Aphrodite for his native city, which was to have excelled all his previous achievements. His principal portrait of Alexander was treasured up at Ephesus in the temple of Diana. He painted King Antigonus in profile, to conceal the absence of one eye. In the time of Pliny, other triumphs of his pencil were to be found at Rome. He wrote a work on painting, which is lost. The exact date of his death is uncertain.—T. J.
APELLES, a heretic of the 2nd century, originally a follower of Marcion, but left his school in consequence of some difference of doctrine. He taught that the God of the Hebrews was an inferior deity, that there was no resurrection of the body, and that difference of sex caused a difference of soul. Although a Gnostic, he held that Christ assumed a real body composed of the elements into which, on his ascent to heaven, that body was dissolved. He wrote a book called Φανερώσεις, containing an account of the visions of Philumene, a virgin whom he fancied to be inspired. Jerome speaks of a "Gospel of Apelles," as having given origin to many heresies in the church.—F.
APELLICON of Teos, a Peripatetic philosopher of the first century b.c., lived at Athens, and spent his fortune in collecting a library of old and rare books, gathered from every part of Greece. He died shortly before the capture of Athens, 86 b.c., by L. Cornelius Sylla, who took possession of his library and carried it to Rome. Among the numerous valuable MSS. in the collection, it is said there were autograph copies of the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus. Strabo speaks of him as rather a lover of books than of wisdom.—F.
APER, a Greek grammarian, who was a disciple of Aristarchus, and lived in the earlier part of the first century.
APER, Marcus, a Latin orator, who lived during the reign of Vespasian. He was a native of Gaul, but on establishing himself at Rome, rose to be successively senator, quæstor, and prætor. He died about a.d. 85.
