entitled "Dodecachordon," in which he examined the musical theories of the Greeks and of Boethius.—P. L.
GLASER, Christoph, notorious as being implicated in the crimes of the marquise de Brinvilliers, was court apothecary to Louis XIV. In 1663 he published a "Traité de Chimie," which went through many editions. Sulphate of potash, prepared by a peculiar process, was called for many years "sal polychrestum Glaseri."—J. A. W.
GLASS, John, the founder of the sect of the Glassites, was born, October 6, 1695, at Auchtermuchty, of which his father was minister. After receiving his education for the ministry at the universities of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Perth, and soon after was ordained as minister of the parish of Tealing in Angus in 1719. From the beginning of his career he proved himself a devoted pastor and a powerful preacher, so that not in his own parish alone, but all around, he was held in high esteem by the people. After some time, however, he began to avow sentiments in regard to the constitution and privileges of the church, which were not in accordance with those set forth in the standards of the church to which he belonged. His views on these points were, in fact, very much those of the Independents; and as he made no scruple of avowing them, he was summoned to appear before the presbytery at Dundee, and afterwards at the bar of the synod of Angus and Mearns. On both occasions, his avowal of his opinions was so distinct and unqualified that he was first suspended and then deposed from the ministerial office. After his deposition in March, 1730, Mr. Glass continued to minister to some of his former parishioners who had voluntarily separated from the Church of Scotland, and whom he formed into a church on the congregational model at Tealing. A short time before, he had published his famous work entitled "The Testimony of the King of Martyrs concerning his Kingdom," in which, in a series of essays founded on John xviii. 36, 37, he expounds and illustrates his views of the nature of Christ's kingdom as a purely spiritual institute. From this time forward he appears as the uncompromising advocate of what would now be called voluntaryism, and of a form of church government even more democratic than that found among Congregationalists. He introduced a plurality of elders into his congregation; favoured lay exhortation at their meetings; and sought by a rigid discipline to exclude from their society all whom they could not cordially recognize as brethren in Christ. He was also accustomed to observe the Lord's supper every Lord's day with his flock, with which love-feasts were conjoined; he introduced the holy kiss as a token of brotherly affection; he approved of the disciples washing each other's feet, and brought in a number of usages of like sort into his societies. His principles having somewhat spread, he removed first to Dundee, after that to Edinburgh, and thence to Perth, at each of which places he acted for a season as pastor of a church formed on his views. In 1737 he returned to Dundee, where he continued with the flock of which he had first been pastor till his death in 1773.—W. L. A.
* GLASSBRENNER, Adolf, a German satirical writer, was born at Berlin, 27th March, 1810, and bred to the mercantile profession. He is known by his sketches of Berlin life, "Berlin wie es ist und trinkt," written in the Berlin dialect, which in their day enjoyed great popularity, and gave rise to many imitations. His tales and poems are of no great value.—K. E.
GLASSIUS, Solomon, an excellent divine and philologist of the Lutheran church, was born in 1593 at Sondershausen, and was educated in the gymnasium of Gotha and the universities of Jena and Wittenberg. He was for five years a pupil of John Gerhard at Jena, who had so high an opinion of him that he recommended him to be appointed his successor. He was appointed accordingly; but in 1640 he exchanged his chair for a position, which in that age was considered more honourable, that of an ecclesiastical superintendent. Duke Ernest of Saxony was in want of such a man to carry out his various plans for the amelioration of the religious and educational condition of his dominions, and to the functions of that influential office Glassius devoted the remainder of his life, which terminated in 1656. He is still honoured in Germany as the precursor of the devout school of Spener and Francke. His well-known work, "Philologia Sacra," published in 1625, was long used in Germany as a manual upon these subjects. It was republished in 1776 by Dathe, and in 1795 by Bauer, with adaptations to the more advanced condition of theological science.—P. L.
GLAUBER, Jan, a distinguished Dutch landscape painter, was born at Utrecht in 1646. He studied under Berghem; and afterwards went to France, and then to Italy, where he stayed several years. He then resided some years in Hamburg; and in 1684 settled in Amsterdam, where he died in 1726. Jan Glauber is one of the best of the Italianized Dutch landscape painters—a rich and warm colourist, and a thorough master of his tools; but he had little originality and less invention. He imitated the style of Gaspar Poussin, but he surpassed his model in colour and handling. Gerard Lairesse, with whom he lived in great friendship, painted the figures in many of his landscapes. Bartsch enumerates twenty-six etchings by Jan Glauber—nineteen from his own designs, the others after Lairesse. His style was closely imitated by a brother, Jan Gottlieb Glauber, born in 1667, who settled at Breslau, where he died in 1703. A sister, Diana, born in 1650, also a pupil of the elder Glauber, acquired some reputation as a portrait painter, but lost her sight.—J. T—e.
GLAUBER, Johann Rudolf, was born about the year 1604 at Karlstadt in Franconia; lived in Vienna, Salzburg, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Cologne, and lastly for twenty years in Holland. He died in Amsterdam in 1668. As a physician he is little known. He was a follower of Paracelsus, extolled the virtues of potable gold, and believed in the Alkahest, a remedy for all diseases, whose mode of preparation he would not publish lest mankind should grow too licentious. His celebrity rests on his chemical discoveries. It is to Glauber that we owe the first clear and intelligible account of chemical processes. He was the first to explain the preparation of nitric and muriatic acids, improving the process by the substitution of sulphuric acid for sulphate of iron, which had previously been employed to decompose the nitre or salt. He discovered many of the commonest salts; for example, the famous Glauber's salt, sulphate of soda, whose medicinal qualities he greatly exaggerated, bestowing upon it the name of sal mirabile. The true nature of the metallic chlorides, which up to his time had been produced by distilling a mixture of the metal with corrosive sublimate, and were consequently believed to contain mercury, did not escape his penetration. He proved the incorrectness of the prevailing opinion by preparing those substances by distilling the metals with sulphuric acid and salt. Of his other discoveries, which were very numerous and many of them very important, we may single out his finding acetic acid in the products of the destructive distillation of wood. His industry was marvellous. His publications amount to thirty: they include works on alchemy (in which he believed); accounts of his discoveries; also a book on technology.—J. A. W.
GLEDITSCH, Johann Gottlieb, a distinguished German botanist, was born at Leipsic in 1714, and died in 1786. He prosecuted the study of medicine, but devoted himself specially to botany, which he studied under Hebenstreit. He made botanical excursions to the Harz and to the Thüringian forests, and collected materials for a flora of Leipsic. After taking his medical degree he repaired to Berlin, where he continued his botanical investigations, and especially supported the views of Linnæus as to the sexes of plants. In 1740 he became professor of anatomy, and director of the botanic garden at Berlin. He devoted much attention to the applications of botany to rural economy. A genus of leguminous plants is named Gleditschia after him. He left several works.—J. H. B.
GLEICHEN, Wilhelm Friedrich von, a distinguished writer on natural history, was born at Baireuth, Germany, January 14, 1717. Although of an ancient noble family, he received no education whatever, and up to a mature age was scarcely able to read or write. In his eleventh year he became the page of the margrave of Baireuth; and, entering the army a few years after, attained the rank of major. By this time he had become conversant with various works on natural history, which interested him so much that he resolved to devote himself entirely to the study. He accordingly threw up his commission in the army, in 1756, and retiring to his country seat, began with great zeal his investigations. The first result of these studies was his "Das Neueste aus dem Reiche der Pflanzen," which was followed by "Geschichte der gemeinen Stubenfliege," and "Versuch einer Geschichte der Blattläuse." He subsequently published "Mikroskopische Beobachtungen;" "Über die Samenthierchen;" and "Vom Sonnenmikroscope." The admirable illuminated illustrations to all these books he executed with his own hand. He died June 16, 1783.—F. M.
