imperfectly known; but he was evidently a man both of unusual learning and political consequence in his age. Through his influence the university of St. Andrews was instituted in 1413, an institution which he liberally patronized. He granted to it by charter, which survives, "a particular tenement in the city, in feu and perpetual charity to the end, that the masters and regents may therein hold, if need be, their grammatical schools." He was active in the negotiation for the liberation of James I., and when that prince returned to his native country, distinguished for the higher tastes and aims which he had acquired in England, he found in Wardlaw one of his most active supporters and assistants. Wardlaw was zealous for orthodoxy; and the first protestant martyrdoms, as they may be called, occurred during his episcopate. "His memory is sullied," says Marline, "with the death of John Resby and Paul Craw, who were condemned and burnt for some opinions derogatory to the papacy." Wardlaw died in the castle of St. Andrews, and was buried, "more honourably than his predecessors, in the cathedral church, in the wall betwixt the choir and our Lady's chapel." Martine adds, that "he was ane excellent man, and repressed many disorders which had crept in among the clergye, and was extremely addicted to hospitalitie."—T.
WARDLAW, Ralph, D.D., an eminent theologian and minister of the congregational body, was born at Dalkeith in Midlothian, 22nd December, 1779. Shortly after his birth his parents removed to Glasgow, where he received his education and spent the rest of his life. Having passed through the grammar-school, he entered the university in October, 1791, and continued attending it for six successive sessions, leaving it in 1797, but without taking a degree. Having resolved to devote himself to the work of the christian ministry, he had previously entered the theogical hall of the Associate Secession church, then under the presidency of the venerable Dr. Lawson, whose instructions he received for five sessions. He did not, however, apply for license to that body, having towards the close of his student career embraced congregationalist views, and resolved to cast in his lot with those who at the beginning of the present century were forming societies on that model in Scotland. He began to preach in 1800, and after temporary labours in Perth, Dundee, and Dumfries, ultimately settled in Glasgow, where a church had been built for him by some of his own connections. Here he was ordained, 16th February, 1803. This place of worship was in North Albion Street. After labouring there with great success, he and his congregation removed to a larger place in West George Street, now occupied as part of the premises of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Company. In 1811 he was conjoined with the Rev. Greville Ewing in the office of professor of theology to the congregational body in Scotland, an office the duties of which he efficiently discharged in connection with those of the pastorate till the time of his death. Though the duties thus devolved on him were many and heavy, and though he added to them the toils of an extensive and elaborate authorship, he was able also to take his full share in the conducting of the public religious societies of the country, and was not unfrequently involved in the religious and ecclesiastical controversies of his day. He continued, however, in the enjoyment of almost unabated vigour to a good old age, being permitted to pass the jubilee of his ordination, an event which was celebrated by a series of services, in which ministers from different parts of the kingdom and of various denominations took part. He died in the course of the same year, on the 17th December, 1853, having almost completed his seventy-fourth year. His death produced a profound sensation in the city, where he had so long and so honourably laboured, and his remains were followed to the grave with the honours of a public funeral; the lord provost and magistrates, the clergy of all denominations, and representatives from all classes of the community, forming with the members of his own congregation a procession of almost unexampled length. Dr. Wardlaw's writings are numerous; we can here only indicate the titles of the more important of them. His first work of importance was his "Discourses on the Socinian Controversy," the first edition of which appeared in 1813, and of which several subsequent editions have appeared. In 1821 he issued two volumes of "Lectures on Ecclesiastes." In 1830 he published "Essays on Assurance of Faith, and on the extent of the atonement and universal pardon;" in 1832, "Discourses on the Sabbath;" in the same year he delivered the first series of the congregational lectures in London on the subject of "Christian Ethics," which was published in the year following; in 1843 he sent forth "Discourses on the Nature and Extent of the Atonement of Christ," which was followed by "The Life of Joseph and the Last Years of Jacob," 1845; "Congregational Independency," 1848; and a treatise "On Miracles," 1852. Since his death eight volumes of posthumous works have been issued under the editorship of his son, the Rev. J. S. Wardlaw, consisting of expository lectures on Proverbs, Romans, Zechariah, and James. Clear thinking, exact reasoning, graceful and forcible expression, sound evangelical theology, and judicious practical reflection characterize all his works. As a polemical divine he occupies a foremost place.—W. L. A.
WARE, Sir James, an eminent antiquary, the son of a Yorkshire gentleman of the same name, was born in Dublin, November 26, 1594, and was educated at Trinity college. His father accompanied to Ireland Sir William Fitzwilliam, lord-deputy in 1588, in the capacity of secretary, and obtained the important post of auditor-general. By the advice of Usher, then bishop of Meath, young Ware betook himself to the study of Irish antiquities, and he subsequently came to London, and formed an acquaintance with Sir Robert Cotton, Selden, and others, who encouraged him in his antiquarian pursuits. His father died in 1632, and the duties of auditor-general, which Sir James then undertook, interfered somewhat with his former studies. He was made a privy councillor by Wentworth, and became member of parliament for the university of Dublin. He took an active part in assisting to quell the rebellion in 1641, and was sent to Oxford to arrange the treaty of peace with Charles I. That university then conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. When returning to Ireland with his majesty's despatches to the marquis of Ormond, Ware was taken prisoner at sea by the parliamentarians just after he had managed to throw the royal papers overboard, and was brought to London and imprisoned ten months in the Tower, during which he amused himself by writing "An imaginary Voyage to an Utopian Island," which was never published. He subsequently became a prominent supporter of the king, until he surrendered Dublin to the parliament by Charles' own order in June, 1647. Ware being soon after compelled to leave the country, he went to France, where he stayed two years. He was afterwards permitted to return, and occupied the period of his withdrawal from political power in the pursuit of his old studies. At the Restoration he was reinstated in his office of auditor-general, and otherwise rewarded. His antiquarian works are so excellent that he has been called the Camden of Ireland. The chief of them are—"De Præsulibus Hiberniæ Commentarius;" "De Hiberniæ et antiquitatibus ejus disquisitiones;" "De Scriptoribus Hiberniæ libri duo;" "Rerum Hibernicarum Annales regnantibus Henrico VII., Henrico VIII. , Edwardo VI., et Maria;" together with editions of Spenser's Dialogue on the state of Ireland; Campian's History of Ireland, Meredith's Chronicle of Ireland, &c. His works were translated into English and published by his son Robert in 1705, and by Walter Harris in 1739-46. Sir James died in 1666.—F.
WARGENTIN, Peter Wilhelm, a Swedish astronomer, was born at Stockholm, 22nd September, 1717, and died there on 13th December, 1783, having been many years secretary to the Academy of Sciences of that city. He discovered a comet in 1742; and in 1746 he made an important addition to our knowledge of the perturbations of Jupiter's satellites.—W. J. M. R.
WARHAM, William, LL.D., an English prelate and statesman, to whom Erasmus dedicated his edition of Jerome's works, with a high encomium on his friend's character and learning, was born at Okely in Hampshire, and obtained his fellowship at Oxford in 1475. Having subsequently practised as an advocate in the court of arches, he was employed by Henry VII. in a mission to Burgundy, with the view of inducing the duchess to withdraw her patronage from Perkin Warbeck. His conduct in this negotiation, though unsuccessful, procured his preferment to the mastership of the rolls and the bishopric of London. In 1504 he was appointed lord-keeper of the great seal, and in a year or two his translation to the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury was followed by his elevation to the dignity of lord chancellor, which he continued to hold under Henry VIII., until the king's partiality for Wolsey, and that prelate's insolence, induced Warham to retire from political service. He died in 1532, a few years after the fall of Wolsey.—W. B.
WARING, Edward, an eminent English mathematician, was born near Shrewsbury in 1734, and died in the same district in 1798. He was educated at Cambridge, and through
