The Geographical Distribution of Animals/Index 1
INDEX TO VOL. I.
Note.—In this Index the names in Italics all refer to fossil genera or families mentioned in Part II. The systematic names of genera and families occurring in almost every page of Part III. are not given, as they would unnecessarily swell the Index; but they can be readily referred to by the Class or Order, or by the Geographical Division (Region or Sub-region) under which they occur. They will, however, all be found in the General Index, with a reference to the page (in Vol. II., Part IV.) where a systematic account of their distribution is given.
A.
Aardvark of East Africa, figure of, 261
Accipitres, European Eocene, 163
Accipitres, classification of, 97
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 312
range of Oriental genera of, 385
range of Australian genera of, 484
Acerotherium, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 136
Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Acotherium, European Eocene, 126
Adapis, European Eocene, 125
Ælurogale, European Eocene, 125
Æpyornis, of Madagascar, 164
Æshna, from the Lias, 167
Agnopterus, European Eocene, 163
Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Agrion, from the Lias, 167
Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, 122
Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, 289
Aletornis, N. American Eocene, 163
Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, 111
Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, 61
objections to his system of circumpolar zones, 67
objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, 68
Altai mountains, fossils in caves, 111
Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
America, recent separation of North and South, 40
extinct mammalia of, 129
North, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 129
Amomys, N. American Tertiary, 134
Amphechinus, European Miocene, 117
Amphibia, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 100
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Siberian sub-region, 220
Amphibia, of the Manchurian sub-region, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 237
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of West Africa, 264
South African, 268
of Madagascar, 280
table of Ethiopian families of, 298
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 397
resemblances of Australian and South-American, 400
of New Guinea, 416
of New Zealand, 457
Amphibos, Indian Miocene, 122
Amphicyon, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134
Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, 119
Amphimoschus, European Miocene, 120
Amphisorex, European Miocene, 118
Amphitragulus, European Miocene, 120
Anastoma, European Tertiary, 169
Anchilophus, European Eocene, 125
Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, 139
Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 135
Anchitherium, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 135
Ancient fauna of New Zealand, 459
Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
Andaman Islands, zoology of, 333
probable past history of, 334
Andreas, European Miocene, 165
Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, 85
Animals, development of, affecting distribution, 7
dispersal and migration of, 10
rapid multiplication of, 10
Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, 137
Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428
Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, 119
Anoplotherium, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148
Anseres, arrangement of, 98
peculiar Palæarctic genera, 250
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Australian genera of, 485
Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, 122
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137
Anthracotherium, European Miocene, 110
Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, 148
Antilope, Post-Pliocene, 112
in Brazilian caves, 144
Antiquity of the genera of insects, 166
of the genera of land and freshwater shells, 168
Aphanapteryx of Mauritius, 164
Aphelotherium, European Eocene, 125
Aquila, European Miocene, 161
Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, 163
Arctic zone not a separate region, 68
Arctocyon, European Eocene, 125
Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Arctomys, European Pliocene, 113
Arctotherium in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Argus pheasant, figure of, 339
peculiarity, in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, 340
Artiodactyla, European Eocene, 126
N. American Tertiary, 137
S. American Pliocene, 146
Arvicola, European Pliocene, 113
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
S. American Eocene, 148
Auchenia, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Auckland Islands, birds of, 455
Australia, physical features of, 387
Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, 398
Australian region, description of, 387
zoological characteristics of, 390
mammalia of, 390
birds of, 391
reptiles of, 396
amphibia of, 397
fresh-water fish of, 397
summary of vertebrata of, 397
supposed land-connection of with S. America, 398
insects of, 403
lepidoptera of, 404
coleoptera of, 405
land shells of, 407
sub-regions of, 408
early history of, 465
Australian sub-region, mammalia of, 438
illustration of mammalia of, 439
birds of, 440
illustration of fauna of, 441
Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, 388
zoology of, 409
Aye-aye, figure of, 278
Azores, visited by European birds, 17
birds of, 207
butterflies of, 207
beetles of, 207, 209
peculiarly modified birds of, 207
stragglers to, 208
how stocked with animal life, 208
B.
Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, 428
Badger, figure of, 195
Balæna, European Pliocene, 112
Balænodon, European Pliocene, 112
Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, 230
Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, 356
Barriers, as affecting distribution, 6
permanence of, as affecting distribution, 7
to the dispersal of birds, 17
Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, 228
on Longicorns of Japan, 230
Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Batrachia, Tertiary, 165
Bats, powers of flight of, 15
classification of, 87
of New Zealand, 450
Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, 291
Beaver, N. American Tertiary, 140
Beetles, families selected for study, 103
from the Lias, 167
of Azores, 207
of Japan, 228
Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, 112
Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, 218
on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, 466
Birds, means of dispersal of, 15
dispersal of by winds, 16
American, found in Europe, 16
reaching the Azores, 17
barriers to dispersal of, 17
limited by forests, 17
classification of, 93
Miocene of Greece, 116
extinct, 160
fossil of Palæarctic region, 161
European of Miocene period, 161
Eocene of Europe, 162
relations of, 162
extinct of North America, 163
recently extinct in New Zealand, 164
Cretaceous of N. America, 164
remains of in Brazilian caves, 164
recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 164
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
numerous genera, Palæarctic, 183
of the European sub-region, 193
northern range of in Europe, 193
of the zone of pine forests, 194
of Iceland, 198
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 203
of Malta, 206 (note)
of Azores, 207
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of Siberian sub-region, 219
Oriental found in Siberia, 219
extreme northern Asiatic, 219
of northern Asiatic forests, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 223
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224
Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 224
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 235
of West Africa, 243
list of Palæarctic genera of, 243
of the Ethiopian region, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
S. African, 267
genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, 275
common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, 276
species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, 277
table of Ethiopian families of, 295
table of Ethiopian genera of, 306
of the Oriental region, 316
of the Indian sub-region, 323
Oriental genera of in Central India, 324
Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, 325
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of Indo-Malayan sub-region, 337
illustration of peculiar Malayan, 339
of the Philippine Islands, 346
table of Oriental families of, 366
table of Oriental genera of, 375
of Australian region, 391
specially organized Australian families of, 392
of the Papuan Islands, 410
peculiarities of, 413
brilliant colours of, 413
remarkable forms of, 414
of the Moluccas, 418
peculiarities of, 421
of Timor group, 423
of Celebes, 428
of Australia, 440
of New Zealand, 451
peculiar to New Zealand, 452
of Norfolk Island, 453
of Lord Howe's Island, 453
of the Chatham Islands, 454
of the Auckland Islands, 455
table of families of Australian, 471
table of genera of Australian, 478
Black ape of Celebes, 427
Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, 60
on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321
Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, 60
on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, 321
Borneo, probable recent changes in, 357
Bos, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 122
Bourbon, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281
Bovidæ, European Miocene, 120
Brachymys, European Miocene, 120
Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, 122
Brazilian cave-fauna, 143
remarks on, 145
Breyeria borinensis, carboniferous insect, 168
Britain, peculiar species in, 197
British Isles, zoology of, 197
Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340
Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 137
Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Bubo, European Miocene, 162
Bulimus, Eocene, 169
Bunælurus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Butterflies, arrangement of, 103
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Azores, 207
peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220
of Japan and North China, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
number of Ethiopian species, 256
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 404
of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404
of the Moluccas, 419
of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434
of New Zealand, 457
C.
Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, 125
Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cænopithecus, European Eocene, 124
Cainotherium, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
Calamodon, N. American Eocene, 139
Callithrix in Brazilian caves, 184
Canaries, birds of, 208
beetles of, 209
Canidæ, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
remarkable S. African, 267
Canis, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122
birth-place and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, 112
N. American Tertiary, 138
Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266
Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214
Cape-hare, S. African, 267
Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cariama, Brazilian caves, 164
Carnivora of European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Carnivora, classification of, 88
antiquity of, 153
of the Palæarctic region, 182
list of Palæarctic genera of, 240
list of Ethiopian genera of, 302
range of Oriental genera of, 373
list of Australian genera of, 476
Caroline Islands, birds of, 444
Carterodon in Brazilian caves, 145
Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85
Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88
Castor, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120
Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Cathartes, Brazilian caves, 164
Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143
Cavia, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Cebochœrus, European Eocene, 126
Cebus in Brazilian caves, 144
Celebes, physical features of, 389
mammalia of, 426
birds of, 428
insects of, 434
origin of fauna of, 436
Centetidæ, European Miocene, 118
Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397
Cercolabes in Brazilian caves, 145
Cercopithecus in European Pliocene, 112
Cervidæ, European Miocene, 120
birth-place and migrations of, 155
Cervus, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Cetacea, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 140
Cetacea, classification of, 89
range of Oriental genus, 374
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327
Ceylonese sub-region, 326
mammalia of, 327
birds of, 327
reptiles of, 327
amphibia of, 327
insects of, 327
past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328
Chalicomys, European Pliocene, 113
Chalicotherium, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, 165
Chamois, figure of, 195
Chatham Islands, birds of, 454
Chelonia, classification of, 100
Chelydra, European Pliocene, 165
Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336
Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63
China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, 362
North, mammalia of, 222
Chinchillidæ in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Chiroptera, classification of, 87
list of Palæarctic genera of, 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
list of Australian genera of, 475
Chiroptera, European Eocene, 125
in Brazilian caves, 144
Chlamydotherium in Brazilian caves, 145
Chœromorus, European Miocene, 119
Chœropotamus, European Eocene, 126
Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Choneziphius, European Pliocene, 112
Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195
Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67
Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83
Clausilia, Eocene, 169
Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11
gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41
Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103
Palæarctic, 188
number of Palæarctic species, 189
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 256
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282, 283
of the Oriental region, 319
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 405
affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407
of Celebes, 435
of New Zealand, 457
Collocalia, European Miocene, 161
Colobus, European Miocene, 117
Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, 136
Colossochelys of Indian Miocene, 123, 165
Columbæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485
Comoro islands, zoology of, 281
Continents, distribution of, 37
recent changes of, 38
Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156
Corvus, European Miocene, 161
Coryphodon, European Eocene, 126
Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175
Cricetodon, European Miocene, 120
Cricetus, European Pliocene, 113
Crocodiles, Eocene, 165
Crocodilia, classification of, 100
Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415
Cryptornis, European Eocene, 163
Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148
Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Cyclostoma, Eocene, 169
Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, 167
Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427
Cyotherium, European Eocene, 125
D.
Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, 211
on the relation of flowers and insects, 463
Dasyprocta, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222
on birds of N. China, 226
Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138
Palæarctic, 182
probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291
Delphinus, European Pliocene, 112
Dendrocygna, European Miocene, 162
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219
Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Dichobune, European Eocene, 126
Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 137
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Dicrocerus, European Miocene, 120
Didelphys, European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
Dididæ, 164
Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, 139
Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, 163
of New Zealand and Australia, 164
Dinornithidæ of New Zealand, 164
Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Miocene of Perim Island, 123
Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dinylus, European Miocene, 117
Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Dispersal of animals, 10
of mammalia, 10
of reptiles and amphibia, 28
Distribution, affected by climate, 5
affected by physical features, 5
contrasts of, in similar climates, 5
similarities of, in diverse climates, 6
barriers as affecting, 6
study of, dependent on a good classification, 83
of animals an adjunct to geology, 8
of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8
of animals dependent on physical geography, 35
of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40
of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43
of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44
of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46
of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49
of animals, problems in, 51
of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42
Dodo of Mauritius, 282
Dolichopterus, European Miocene, 162
Dommina, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dorcatherium, European Miocene, 120
Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193
Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, 134
oldest American mammal, 160
Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340
opithecus, European Miocene, 117
E.
East Africa, geographical features of, 258
wide range of genera and species over, 259
few special types in, 260
East African sub-region, description of, 258
genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259
mammalia of, 260
birds of, 260
reptiles of, 260
amphibia and fishes of, 260
insects of, 260
few peculiar types in, 260
illustration of zoology of, 261
East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, 222
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211
Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, 145
Echinogale, European Miocene, 118
Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, 139
Edentata, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Pliocene, 140
of Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Edentata, classification of, 90
probable birthplace of, 155
range of Ethiopian genera of, 305
range of Oriental genus of, 375
Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123
fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Elephant shrews, S. African, 267
Elephas, Post-Pliocene, 112
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 138
Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415
Elornis, European Miocene, 162
Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204
on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323
Embasis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Emu, figure of, 441
Emys, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165
Emydida, Indian Miocene, 123
Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, 121
Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, 139
Eocene period, 124
fauna of S. America, 148
Ephemera, from the Lias, 167
Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Equidæ, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Eocene, 125
Equus, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Erinaceus, European Miocene, 117
Erythromachus of Rodriguez, 164
Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, 139
Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63
defined, 73
subdivisions of, 73
general features of, 251
zoological characteristics of, 252
mammalia of, 253
great speciality of, 253
birds of, 253
reptiles of, 254
amphibia of, 255
fresh-water fish of, 255
summary of vertebrates of, 255
insects of, 255
coleoptera of, 256
terrestrial mollusca of, 257
sub-regions of, 258
Atlantic islands of, 269
the probable past history of, 285
tables of distribution of animals of, 293
Eumys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39
Miocene fauna of Central, 117
Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, 124
European sub-region, description of, 191
forests of, 192
mammalia of, 192
birds of, 193
reptiles and amphibia of, 195
fresh-water fish of, 196
insects of, 196
islands of, 197
Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Eurydon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Eurytherium, European Eocene, 126
Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, 147
Eutelodon, European Eocene, 126
Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, 148
Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126
mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140
mammalia of the Antilles, 148
mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148
fauna of New Zealand, 459
Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158
F.
Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230
of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231
extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282
Malayan, probable origin of, 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419
Timorese, origin of, 422
of Celebes, origin of, 436
of New Zealand, origin of, 460
Felis spelæa, 110
Felis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
in Brazilian caves, 144
Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29
classification of, 101
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 186
of the European sub-region, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of South Africa, 268
fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298
fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369
fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400
how the transmission may have taken place, 401
fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457
Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162
Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462
fossil, of Australia, 467
Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85
classification of carnivora, 87
Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337
Flying Opossum, figure of, 442
Formosa, zoology of, 332
Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192
Siberian, greatest extent of, 216
G.
Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463
Galecynus, in European Pliocene, 112
Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Galeospalax, European Miocene, 118
Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, 111
Galethylax, European Eocene, 125
Galictis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Gallinæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485
Gallus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, 161
Gastornis, European Eocene, 163
Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132
Geological history of Oriental region, 362
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114
Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40
as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, 151
probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151
causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152
Glandina, Eocene, 169
Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, 147
Goats, Palæarctic, 182
Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207
Golden Moles, S. African, 267
Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Grallæ, arrangement of, 97
peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Oriental genera of, 386
peculiar Australian genera of, 484
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115
summary of Miocene fauna of, 116
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446
Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98
his classification of fishes, 101
on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289
on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329
H.
Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460
Habitat, definition of, 4
Hainan, zoology of, 334
Halcyornis, European Eocene, 103
Halitherium, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Hatteria of New Zealand, 456
Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Helix, Eocene, 169
Hemibos, Indian Miocene, 122
Hemicyon, European Miocene, 118
Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, 140
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, 122
Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158
Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333
Hipparion, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, 112
Europe in Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene, 122
Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hippotherium, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
Hippotragus, European Miocene, 120
Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, 146
Homalophus, European Miocene, 161
Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392
Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464
Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, 112
Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121
perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136
probable birthplace of, 154
Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461
Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59
division of animal kingdom by, 85
Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
fossil in N. China, 123
Hyænarctos in European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
S. American Pliocene, 146
Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Hyænidæ, European Miocene, 118
Hyænodon, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, 118
Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Hydrornis, European Miocene, 162
Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Hyomoschus, European Miocene, 120
Hyopotamus, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 137
Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hyotherium, European Miocene, 119
Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, 136
Hyracoidea, classification of, 90
Palæarctic, 242
Ethiopian, 304
Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, 125
European Eocene, 126
Hystrix, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
N. American Tertiary, 140
I.
Ibidipodia, European Miocene, 162
Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331
Iceland, zoology of, 198
Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Icticyon in Brazilian caves, 144
Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Ictops, N. American Tertiary, 133
India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123
geological features of, 328
Indian, sub-region, description of, 321
supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321
mammalia of, 322
birds of, 323
reptiles and amphibia of, 326
Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329
zoological characteristics of, 330
illustration of, 331
reptiles of, 331
amphibia of, 331
insects of, 332
islands belonging to, 333
Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334
mammalia of, 336
illustrations of, 336, 339
birds of, 337
remote geographical relations of, 339
reptiles and amphibia of, 340
fishes of, 341
insects of, 341
coleoptera of, 342
terrestrial mollusca of, 343
zoological relations of islands of, 345
recent geographical changes in, 357
probable origin of fauna of, 359
Insects, means of dispersal of, 32
tenacity of life of, 33
adapted to special conditions, 33
groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102
antiquity of the genera of, 166
fossil of European Miocene, 166
European Cretaceous, 167
European Wealden, 167
Palæozoic, 168
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 265
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282
general remarks on, 284
of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332
of the Oriental region, 318
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, 343
of the Australian region, 403
of New Guinea, 417
of the Moluccas, 420
of Timor group, 426
of Celebes, 454
of New Zealand, 458
scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462
influence of, on the flora, 463
Insectivora, European Miocene, 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 133
Insectivora, classification of, 87
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, 222
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of Madagascar, 273
range of Ethiopian genera of, 301
of the Oriental region, 315
range of Oriental genera of, 372
range of Australian genera of, 476
Isacis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206
of the West African sub-region, 265
of Ethiopian region, 269
Mascarene, 280
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443
Society and Marquesas, 444
New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445
Sandwich, 446
of New Zealand sub-region, 453
Norfolk, 453
Lord Howe's, 454
Chatham, 454
Auckland, 455
Issiodromys, European Pliocene, 113
J.
Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Japan and North China, physical features of, 221
southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226
general character of the fauna of, 230
former land-connexions of, 231
Java, mammalia of, 349
productions of, well known, 350
birds of, 351
representative species of birds in, 352
origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352
Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, 357
Junonia, European Miocene, 167
K.
Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455
Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157
Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (note)
Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415
Kiwi of New Zealand, 455
Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261
L.
Lacertilia, classification of, 99
Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444
Lagomys, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120
Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Lake Baikal, seals of, 218
Land and water, proportions of, 35
Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168
Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169
Palæarctic, 190
of Madeira, 209
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 257
of W. Africa, 265
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344
of the Australian region, 407
of Sandwich Islands, 446
of New Zealand, 459
Lanius, European Miocene, 161
Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76
Lemuravidæ, 133
Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lemuridæ, European Eocene, 124
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177
table of Palæarctic families of, 238
S. African, 268
table of Ethiopian families of, 299
of the Oriental region, 318
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 404
table of Australian families of, 472
Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, 116
Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptoptilus, European Miocene, 162
Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, 168
Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278
figure of, 279
Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, 144
Lepus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228
Libellula, from the Lias, 167
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90
Limnæa, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169
Limnatornis, European Miocene, 161
Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, 134
Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, 133
Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133
Listriodon, European Miocene, 119
Lithomys, European Miocene, 120
Lithornis, European Eocene, 163
Lizards, classification of, 99
Tertiary, 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448
Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, 145
Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Lophiodon, European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 136
Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, 136
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453
Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143
Lutra, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, 115
Lyre bird, figure of, 441
M.
Macacus, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
Indian Miocene, 121
supposed in European Eocene, 125
Machairodus, 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, 146
Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164
description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, 284
Madeira, birds of, 208
land shells of, 208
beetles of, 210
wingless insects numerous in, 211
how stocked with animals, 213
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353
comparison of mammalia, 354
of birds, 355
Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
illustration of zoology of, 278
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282, 289
insects of, 282
early history of, 286
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (note)
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263
fauna, probable origin of, 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114
formerly joined to Africa, 201
fossil elephants of, 201
birds of, 206 (note)
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10
as limited by climate, 11
as limited by rivers, 12
how far limited by the sea, 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57
classification of, 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of the European sub-region, 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202
of the Siberian sub-region, 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223
peculiar to Japan, 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of the Ethiopian region, 253
absence of certain important groups, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 262
of S. Africa, 267
of Madagascar, 272
table of Ethiopian families of, 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, 300
of the Oriental region, 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322
of Ceylon, 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336
of the Philippine Islands, 345
table of Oriental families of, 365
table of Oriental genera of, 371
of Australian region, 390
of the Papuan Islands, 410
of the Moluccas, 417
of Timor group, 422
of Celebes, 427
of Australia, 439
illustration of, 439
of New Zealand, 450
table of families of Australian, 470
table of genera of Australian, 475
Mammal, the most ancient American, 134
Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, 107
extinct, of historic period, 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127
extinct, of the New World, 129
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141
original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153
of the secondary period, 160
Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220
mammalia of, 222
birds of, 223
reptiles and amphibia of, 227
fresh-water fish of, 227
insects of, 227
coleoptera of, 228
Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200
Marsupials, classification of, 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
European Miocene, 121
first migration to America, 155
diversified forms of, 391
of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399
list of Australian genera of, 476
Martes, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, 289
Mastodon, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Indian Miocene, 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
Mauritius, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466
Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39
sub-region, description of, 199
mammalia of, 202
birds of, 203
reptiles and amphibia of, 204
fresh-water fish of, 205
insects of, 205
islands of, 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, 201
Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, 137
Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, 148
Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Megalostoma, Eocene, 169
Megamys, S. American Eocene, 148
Megaspira, European Tertiary, 169
Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, 145
Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Melania, European secondary, 169
Meleagris, N. American Miocene, 163
Mellivora, Indian Miocene, 121
Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138
Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, 133
Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Merychus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, 122
Merycotherium of Siberian drift, 112
Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, 134
Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, 115
Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415
Microlestes, oldest European mammal, 160
Micromeryx, European Miocene, 120
Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, 133
Microtherium, European Miocene, 120
Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219
Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185
Migration of animals, 10
general phenomena of, 18
of birds, 19
of birds in Europe, 19
probable origin of, 22
of birds in India and China, 23
of birds in N. America, 23
changes in extent of, 24
of birds in S. Temperate America, 25
general remarks on, 25
Milvus, European Miocene, 162
Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114
fauna of Greece, 115
fauna of Greece, summary of, 116
fauna of Central Europe, 117
deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121
faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123
Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86
on classification of insectivora, 87
on classification of amphibia, 101
Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181
Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218
Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30
classification of, 104
groups selected for study, 104
Moluccas, zoology of, 417
birds of, 419
reptiles of, 420
insects of, 420
peculiarities of fauna of, 421
Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12
fossil in N. American Miocene
in E. Thibet, 222
abundance of in the Oriental region, 315
Monotremata, classification of, 91
list of Australian genera of, 477
"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442
Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, 140
Motacilla, European Miocene, 161
Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393
Moupin, position and zoology of, 221
Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60
Mustela, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
S. American Pliocene, 146
Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
S. American Pliocene, 147
Myogale, European Miocene, 118
Myomorphus, fossil in Cuba
Myopotamus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Myoxus, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
Mysarachne, European Miocene, 118
Mysops, N. American Eocene, 140
Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N.
Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Nasua, in Brazilian caves, 144
Nearctic region, defined, 79
subdivisions of, 80
distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Necrornis, European Miocene, 161
Neotropical region, defined, 78
subdivisions of, 78
relations of W. African sub-region with, 265
Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, 147
Newton, Professor, on position of Menuridæ and Atrichiidæ, 95
on birds of Iceland, 198
New Caledonia, birds of, 444
New Guinea, zoology of, 409
mammalia of, 410
birds of, 411
peculiarities of its ornithology, 413
illustration of ornithology of, 414
reptiles and amphibia of, 415
insects of, 416
New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62
extinct birds of, 164
sub-region, description of, 449
compared with British Isles, 449
mammalia of, 451
islets of, 453
illustration of ornithology of, 455
reptiles of, 456
amphibia of, 457
fresh-water fish of, 457
insects of, 458
Longicorns of, 458
Myriapoda of, 458
land-shells of, 459
ancient fauna of, 460
origin of fauna of, 460
poverty of insects in, 462
relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472
Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332
Nightingale, migration of the, 21
Norfolk Island, birds of, 453
North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130
Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131
extinct birds of, 163
North Africa, zoological relations of, 202
Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, 133
Notornis of New Zealand, 455
Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
O.
Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Ophidia, classification of, 99
Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, 164
Opossum, extinct, in European Miocene, 121
Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oriental region, defined, 75
subdivisions of, 75
description of, 314
zoological features of, 315
mammalia of, 315
birds of, 316
reptiles of, 317
amphibia of, 317
fresh-water fishes of, 318
summary of vertebrata, 318
insects of, 318
sub-regions of, 321
concluding remarks on, 362
tables of distribution of animals of, 364
Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265
Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362
Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363
Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, 162
Otaria, European Miocene, 118
Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134
Oxygomphus, European Miocene, 118
Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
P.
Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, 134
Pachynolophus, European Eocene, 126
Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
Palæarctic region, defined, 71
subdivisions of, 71
general features of, 180
zoological characteristics of, 181
has few peculiar families, 181
mammalia of, 181
birds of, 182
high degree of speciality of, 184
reptiles and amphibia of, 186
fresh-water fish of, 186
summary of vertebrata of, 186
insects of, 186
coleoptera of, 187
number of coleoptera of, 189
land-shells of, 190
sub-regions of, 190
general conclusions on the fauna of, 231
tables of distribution of animals of, 233
Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, 133
Palæetus, European Miocene, 162
Palægithalus, European Eocene, 162
Palælodus, European Miocene, 162
Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, 140
Palæocercus, European Miocene, 162
Palæochœrus, European Miocene, 119
Palæohierax, European Miocene, 162
Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, 140
Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, 147
Palæomephitis, European Miocene, 118
Palæomeryx, European Miocene, 120
Palæomys, European Miocene, 121
Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, 167
Palæontology, 107
how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168
as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, 169
Palæonyctis, European Eocene, 125
Palæoperdix, European Miocene, 161
Palæophrynus, European Miocene, 166
Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæortyx, European Miocene, 161
Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæospalax, 111
European Miocene, 117
Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, 136
Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, 125
Palæotherium, European Eocene, 125
S. American Eocene, 148
Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Palapterygidæ of New Zealand, 164
Palestine, birds of, 203
Paloplotherium, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125
Paludina, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169
Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146
Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222
Himalayan, figure of, 331
Panolax, N. American Tertiary, 140
Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409
Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414
Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, 136
Paramys, N. American Eocene, 140
Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415
Parrots, classification of, 96
Passeres, arrangement of, 94
range of Palæarctic genera of, 243
range of Ethiopian genera of, 306
range of Oriental genera of, 375
range of Australian genera of, 478
Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184
Pelagornis, European Miocene, 162
Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, 138
Peratherium, European Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 126
Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122
probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362
Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, 135
Persia, birds of, 204
Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Post-Pliocene, 161
Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161
golden, of N. China, 226
eared, of Mongolia, 226
Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, 138
Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345
birds of, 346
origin of peculiar fauna of, 348
Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140
Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, 145
Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Physical changes affecting distribution, 7
Physeter, European Pliocene, 112
Picariæ, arrangement of, 95
range of Palæarctic genera of, 247
range of Ethiopian genera of, 309
range of Oriental genera of, 381
range of Australian genera of, 482
Picus, European Miocene, 161
Pigeons, classification of, 96
remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395
crested, of Australia, figure of, 441
Pigs, power of swimming, 13
Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115
Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355
Plagiolophus, European Eocene, 126
Planorbis, European Secondary, 169
Eocene, 169
Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394
Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, 126
Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, 126
Plesiosorex, European Miocene, 118
Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112
Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from, 113
of N. America, 132
of S. America, 146
of Australia, 157
Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Pliolophus, European Eocene, 126
Pliopithecus, European Miocene, 117
Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, 138
Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442
birds of, 443
reptiles of, 447
Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110
remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111
fauna of N. America, 129
fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130
Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264
Potamotherium, European Miocene, 118
Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264
Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Primates, classification of, 86
probable birthplace of, 153
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
range of Australian genera of, 475
Primates, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 124
N. American Tertiary, 132
of Brazilian caves, 144
Prince's Island, birds of, 266
Prionidium, Oolitic insects, 167
Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, 112
Proboscidea, classification of, 90
range of Ethiopian genus, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
Proboscidea, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Indian Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, 144
Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261
Propalæotherium, European Eocene, 126
Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Protornis, European Eocene, 162
Pseudælurus, European Miocene, 118
Pseudocyon, European Miocene, 118
Psittaci, classification of, 96
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 383
range of Australian genera of, 484
Psittacus, European Miocene, 161
Pterocles, European Miocene, 161
Pterodon, European Eocene, 125
Pupa, Eocene, 169
Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, 169
Pythonidæ, European Miocene, 165
R.
Racoon-dog of N. China, 226
Rana, European Miocene, 166
Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68
Arctic, why not adopted, 69
Palæarctic, defined, 71
Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71
Ethiopian, defined, 73
Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73
Oriental, defined, 75
Oriental, subdivisions of, 75
Australian, defined, 77
Australian, subdivisions of, 77
Neotropical, defined, 78
Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78
Nearctic, defined, 79
Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80
Regions, zoological, 50
zoological, how they should be formed, 53
zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54
zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56
for each class of animals, not advisable, 58
zoological, proposed since 1857, 58
zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59
zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61
zoological, proportionate richness of, 64
temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65
and zones, table of, 66
comparative richness of, 81
and sub-regions, table of, 81
order of succession of the, 173
Representative species, 4
Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 98
Miocene of Greece, 116
of Indian Miocene deposits, 123
extinct Tertiary, 165
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 195
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204
of Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
table of Palæarctic families of, 236
of the Ethiopian region, 254
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 264
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 279
table of Ethiopian families of, 297
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 368
of the Australian region, 396
of New Guinea, 415
of the Moluccas, 420
of the Polynesian sub-region, 447
of New Zealand, 456
table of Australian families of, 472
Rhea, in Brazilian caves, 164
Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, 112
European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 136
Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339
Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, 136
River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264
of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12
limiting the range of birds, 17
River-scene, in West Africa, 264
Rodentia, classification of, 90
range of Palæarctic genera of, 242
range of Ethiopian genera of, 304
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476
Rodentia, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 139
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
of S. American Eocene, 148
Ruff, figure of, 195
S.
Sahara, a debatable land, 251
Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218
Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445
probable past history of, 446
mountain plants of, 446
depth of ocean around, 447
Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226
Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, 167
Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229
Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, 147
Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252
on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (note)
Sciurus, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, 140
Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59
why his six regions are adopted, 63
on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445
Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13
Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118
of Lake Baikal, 218
Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159
Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261
Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345
Serpentarius, European Miocene, 162
Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281
amphibia of, 281
Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229
Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97
on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215
Sheep, Palæarctic, 182
Siberia, climate of, 217
Siberian sub-region, description of, 216
mammalia of, 217
birds of, 219
reptiles and amphibia of, 220
insects of, 220
Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, 115
Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, 134
Sirenia, classification of, 89
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
range of Australian genus of, 476
Sirenia, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, 122
Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121
Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230
Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220
Snakes, classification of, 99
Eocene, 165
large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396
of New Zealand, 457
Society Islands, birds of, 443
Soricictis, European Miocene, 118
Soricidæ, European Miocene, 118
South African sub-region, description of, 266
mammalia of, 267
birds of, 267
reptiles of, 268
amphibia of, 268
fresh-water fish of, 268
butterflies of, 268
coleoptera of, 268
summary of its zoology, 269
South America, fossil fauna of, 143
Pliocene deposits of, 146
supposed land connection with Australia, 398
South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Species, representative, 4
Speothos, in Brazilian caves, 144
Spermophilus, European Miocene, 120
Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Sphinx, in European Oolite, 167
St. Helena, zoological features of, 269
coleoptera of, 270
landshells of, 271
St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266
Stations, definition of, 4
Steneofiber, European Miocene, 120
Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Strix, European Miocene, 162
Struthiones, arrangement of, 98
range of Ethiopian genera of, 313
range of Australian genera of, 485
Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287
Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, 139
Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, 139
Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80
Palæarctic, 191
Ethiopian, 258
Oriental, 321
Australian, 408
Suidæ, European Miocene, 119
Sula Islands, fauna of, 433
Sus, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332
Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, 137
Synaphodus, European Miocene, 119
Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
T.
Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177
Talpa, European Miocene, 117
Tapir, fossil in N. China, 123
Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154
Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tapiridæ, European Eocene, 125
Tapirus, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Miocene, 122
in Brazilian caves, 144
Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441
Taxodon, European Miocene, 118
Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133
Testudo, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123
Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289
Tetrachus, European Miocene, 117
Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, 161
Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Theridomys, European Miocene, 126
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148
Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, 133
Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, 139
Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, 139
Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, 139
Timor, physical features of, 389
group, mammalia of, 422
birds of, 422
origin of fauna of, 424
insects of, 426
Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Titanomys, European Miocene, 121
Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, 135
Tonga Islands, birds of, 443
Tortoises, classification of, 100
of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289
Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, 137
Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, 147
Trachytherium, European Miocene, 119
Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337
Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415
Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393
Trionyx, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165
Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271
Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203
Trogon, European Miocene, 161
Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111
Trucifelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216
Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, 118
Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90
Tylodon, European Eocene, 125
Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, 147
U.
Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, 134
Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, 139
Uintornis, N. American Eocene, 163
Unio, European Secondary, 169
Ungulata, classification of, 89
antiquity of, 151
of the Palæarctic region, 182
range of Palæarctic genera of, 241
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476
Ungulata, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Urania of Madagascar, 282
Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, 121
Ursus, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
V.
Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Varanus, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123
Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186
summary of Ethiopian, 255
summary of Oriental, 318
summary of Australian, 397
Vespertilio, European Eocene, 125
Viperus, European Miocene, 165
Viverra, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Viverridæ, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
W.
Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346
on birds of Celebes, 428
Washakius, N. American Tertiary, 134
Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90
on classification of marsupials, 91
West African sub-region, description of, 262
mammalia of, 262
birds of, 262
Oriental or Malayan element in, 263
river scene with characteristic animals, 264
reptiles of, 264
amphibia of, 264
Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265
insects of, 265
land-shells of, 265
islands of, 265
West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209
on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211
on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214
on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
on beetles of St. Helena, 270
X.
Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, 145
Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, 119
Z.
Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, 140
Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, 169
Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181
Ethiopian region, 252
Oriental region, 315
Australian region, 390
Zoological regions, discussion on, 50
END OF VOL. I.