Author:Johann Ludwig Tieck

Johann Ludwig Tieck
(1773–1853)

German poet, novelist, dramatist, translator, editor and critic

Johann Ludwig Tieck

Works edit

Dramas edit

Juvenilia and fragments edit

  • Jason and Medea: A Dramatic Fragment (1789)[1]
  • The Duplicated Father: A Comedy in Four Acts (1789)
  • A Comedy in Five Acts (1789)[2]
  • Siward: Fragment of a Tragedy in Five Acts (1789)
  • The Robbers: Fragment of a Tragedy in Five Acts (1789)[3]
  • I Was Cheated in the End: A Comedy in Four Acts (1789)
  • Gotthold: A Tragedy in Five Acts (1789)[4]
  • The Marriage: Fragments of a Farce (1789)
  • The Abduction: Fragment of A Comedy in Five Acts (1789)[5]
  • Old Meiners: Fragment of A Tragedy (1789)[6]
  • A Comedy in Five Acts (1789)[7]
  • Fragments of A Comedy in Five Acts (1789)[8]
  • The Midsummer Night: A Dramatic Fragment (1789)[9]
  • The Prisoner: A Dramatic Sketch in Two Acts (1790)[10]
  • Niobe: Attempt at a Small Drama in One Act (1790)
  • The Celebration of Peace: A Play with Music in Two Acts (1790)[11]
  • The Lamb: A Pastoral Play (1790)[12]
  • King Braddock: A Pantomime (1790)[13]
  • Anne Boleyn: Fragment of a Tragedy in Five Acts (1790)[14]
  • The Deer: A Fairy Tale in Four Acts (1790)
  • The Last Deception is Worse than the First, or, The Cheater Cheated: A Farce in Two Acts (c. 1790)
  • Roxana: Fragment of A Tragedy in Three Acts (1790)[15]
  • Hans and Ludwig: A Farce (1790)
  • Alla-Moddin: A Play in Three Acts (1790, 1791)
  • A Prologue (1796)[16]
  • Anti-Faust, or The Story of a Stupid Devil: Fragment of A Comedy in Five Acts with A Prologue and Epilogue (1801)[17]
  • Prologue to Magelone (1802-03)[18]
  • Melusine: A Fragment (1807)[19]
  • The Woman of the Danube: The First Act of A Play (1801-08)[20]

Mature works edit

  • The Farewell: A Tragedy in Two Acts (1792)
  • Mr Fox: A Comedy in Three Acts After Ben Jonson's "Volpone" (1793)
  • Carl von Berneck: A Tragedy in Five Acts (1795)
  • Hanswurst Abroad: A Puppet Play in Three Acts (1795)[21]
  • The Tea-Party: A Comedy in One Act (1796)
  • Bluebeard: A Fairy Tale in Five Acts (1796)
  • Puss in Boots (1797)
  • Prince Zerbino, or The Quest for Good Taste (To Some Extent A Continuation of "Puss in Boots"): A German Comedy in Six Acts (1796, 1797, 1798)
  • The Monster and the Enchanted Forest: A Musical Fairy Tale in Four Acts (1798)[22]
  • The Topsy-Turvy World: A Historical Drama in Five Acts (1798)
  • The Life and Death of the Holy Genevieve: A Tragedy (1799)
  • The Author: A Carnival Farce (1800)
  • The Life and Death of Little Red Riding-Hood: A Tragedy (1800)
  • Emperor Octavian: A Comedy in Two Parts (1804)
  • The New Don Carlos: A Farce in Three Acts (1807-08)
  • The Life and Deeds of Hop-o'-My-Thumb: A Fairy Tale in Three Acts (1811)
  • Fortunat, Part I: A Fairy Tale in Five Acts (1815)
  • Fortunat, Part II: A Fairy Tale in Five Acts (1816)

Tales edit

Stories edit

  • Fate (1795)
  • The Manly Mother (1795)
  • The Lawyers (1795)
  • The Reconciliation (1795)
  • The Stranger (1796)
  • The Friends (1797)
  • The Two Most Remarkable Days of Siegmund's Life (1796)
  • Ulrich the Sensitive (1796)
  • Fermer the Ingenious (1796)
  • The Nature Lover (1796)
  • The Learned Society (1796)
  • The Psychologist (1796)
  • The Epistolary Novel (1797)
  • A Diary (1798)

Novellas edit

  • Peter Lebrecht, A Story Without Adventure: Part I (1795)
  • Peter Lebrecht, A Story Without Adventure: Part II (1795)
  • Phantasus, Part I (1811)[26]
  • Phantasus, Part II (1816)
  • The Pictures (1821) (transcription project)
  • The Mysterious Individual (1821)
  • The Travelers (1822)
  • The Betrothal (1822)
  • Musical Sorrows and Joys (1824)
  • Pietro of Abano, or Petrus Apone: A Magic Story (1824)
  • The Old Man of the Mountain (1825)
  • Rustic Society (1825)
  • The Festival at Kenilworth: Prologue to The Poet's Life (1826)
  • The Poet's Life, Part I (1826)
  • Happiness Breeds Understanding (1826)
  • The Rebellion in the Cevennes (1826)[27]
  • The Scholar (1827)
  • The Fifteenth of November (1827)
  • The Enchanted Castle (1830) (transcription project)
  • The Poet's Life, Part II: The Poet and His Friend (1831)
  • The Returning Greek Emperor (1831)
  • The Miracle Addicts (1831)
  • The Fair (1832)
  • The Witches' Sabbath (1832)
  • The Lunatic (1832)
  • The Poet's Death (1833)
  • The Proof of Ancestry (1833)
  • A Summer's Journey (1834)
  • The Water-Sprite (1835)
  • Christmas Eve (1835)
  • Precipitation (1835)
  • The Old Book and the Journey into the Blue Distance: A Folktale-Novella (1835)
  • The Scarecrow: A Folktale-Novella in Five Acts (1835)
  • Self-Will and Humour (1836)
  • The Young Carpenter: A Novel in Seven Parts (1836)
  • The Klausenburg: A Ghost Story (1837) (transcription project)
  • Oddities (1837)
  • The Guardian Spirit (1839)
  • Evening Conversations (1839)
  • The Bell of Aragon (1839)
  • Life's Luxuries (1839)
  • Courtship (1839)
  • Hütten-Meister: A Folktale-Novella (c. 1840)[28]
  • Sylvan Solitude (1841)

Novels edit

  • Ryno (1791)[29]
  • Mathias Klostermayr, or The Bavarian Hiesel (1791)[30]
  • William Lovell, Part I (1793-95)[31]
  • William Lovell, Part II (1795-96)[32]
  • Franz Sternbald's Travels: An Old German Story (1798)
  • Vittoria Accorombona, Part I (1840)
  • Vittoria Accorombona, Part II (1840)

Arabesques edit

  • Memorable Chronicle of The Citizens of Schilda in Twenty Chapters Worth Reading (1796)[33]
  • The Seven Wives of Bluebeard: A True Family History Edited by L. T. (1797)
  • The Life of the Famous Emperor Abraham Tonelli: An Autobiography in Three Parts (1798)
  • The Last Judgment: A Vision (1796)

Paramyths[34] edit

  • The Dew (1790)
  • Mind and Imagination (1790)
  • The Swan (1790)
  • Moonlight (1790)
  • The Red and White Rose (1790)
  • The Lyre (1790)
  • The Rose
  • Luna (1790)

Poems edit

Juvenilia and Fragments edit

  • The 30th of August: A Phantasy (1790)
  • The Lake and the Storm: A Fable (1790)
  • Anton (1790)
  • Virgil's 10 Eclogues (1790)
  • The Ass: A Fable (1790)
  • The Song of the Bard Congal (1790)[35]
  • To Elisa (1790)
  • Lila (1790)
  • Lament (1790)
  • Lila's Slumbersong (1790)
  • Springsong (1790)
  • Pastoral Song (1790)
  • The Shepherd's Happiness (1790)
  • Dancing Song (1790)
  • Hunting Song (1790)
  • The Captive's Consolation (1790)
  • The Captive's Song (1790)
  • The Free Man (1790)
  • Ullin's Song (1791)[36]
  • Ullin and Linus's Song (1791)
  • The Legend of the Rosstrapp: Song of a Minnesinger (1792)[37]
  • Iwona: An Ossianic Sketch (c. 1792)[38]
  • Art and Love (1797)
  • To
  • In Memoriam: Various Friends (1819-41)
  • From the Old Epic Poem of King Rother: A Fragment (1806)[39]

Poems on Music (1802) edit

  • Dedication
  • Music Speaks
  • Saint Cecilia
  • Marcello
  • Pergolese
  • Stabat Mater
  • Music Decides
  • Palestrina. Marcello. Pergolese (1802)
  • Song (1802)
  • The Garden (1802)
  • Night (1796)
  • Time (1798)
  • Sounds (1798)
  • Appreciation (1798)
  • Love (1798)
  • Consolation (1798)
  • Commentary (1803)

The Young Man's Love (1796)[40] edit

Leaves of Memory (1800) edit

  • To (1800)
  • To Friedrich Toll (1800)
  • To Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder (1800)
  • To the Same (1800)
  • To the Same (1800)
  • To the Same (1800)
  • The Dream: An Allegory (1798)
  • To Friedrich Tieck (1800)
  • Struggle (1800)
  • To A. W. Schlegel (1800)[41]
  • To Friedrich Schlegel (1800)
  • To Novalis (1800)
  • To the Same (1800)
  • To the Same (1800)
  • To a Younger Poet (1800)
  • To Sophia (1800)
  • Appreciation (1800)
  • Life (1800)
  • Verse (1800)
  • To (1821)

Travel Poems of an Invalid edit

  • Departure (1805)
  • The Tyrol (1805)
  • Innsbruck (1805)
  • The Graveyard (1805)
  • The Tyrolese (1805)
  • Bolzano (1805)
  • Trident (1805)
  • Verona (1805)
  • The Arena (1805)
  • Juliet's Grave (1805)
  • Little Theatre in the Arena (1805)
  • Journey to Mantua (1805)
  • Palazzo del Te in Mantua (1805)
  • The Mountains (1805)
  • Bologna (1805)
  • The Pilgrims (1805)
  • Sight of Florence (1805)
  • Marketplace (1805)
  • Boccaccio (1805)
  • The Pigeon Market (1805)
  • Radicofani (1805)
  • Acquapendente (1805)
  • San Lorenzo and Bolsena (1805)
  • First Sight of Rome (1805)
  • Villa Borghese (1805)
  • The Pantheon (1805)
  • The Spanish Steps (1805)
  • The Vatican (1805)
  • Gratitude (1805)
  • The Fireworks (1805)
  • Campo Vaccino (1805)
  • Bullfighting (1805)
  • The Troublemaker (1805)
  • Books (1805)
  • The Beggar (1805)
  • The Puppets (1805)
  • Grief in the Air (1805)
  • Homesickness (1805)
  • The Apparition (1805)
  • Christmas (1805)
  • Carnival (1806)
  • The Last Day of the Festival (1806)
  • The Lenten Sermons (1806)
  • Villa Pamphili (1806)
  • Holy Week (1806)
  • Easter (1806)
  • Villa Borghese (1806)
  • Hubbub (1806)
  • Politics (1806)
  • Palestrina, On the Journey (1806)
  • Olevano (1806)
  • Morning (1806)
  • Civitella (1806)
  • On the Journey (1806)
  • Subiaco (1806)
  • The Loneliness of St. Benedict (1806)
  • Tivoli (1806)
  • SS. Peter and Paul (1806)

Return of the Convalescent edit

  • Departure from Rome (1806)
  • Orvieto (1806)
  • San Lorenzo (1806)
  • Siena (1806)
  • Florence (1806)
  • The Walk (1806)
  • The Charlatan (1806)
  • The Picture-Dealer's (1806)
  • Pisa (1806)
  • Livorno (1806)
  • Journey to Lucca (1806)
  • Lucca (1806)
  • Bologna (1806)
  • Parma (1806)

Sundry Verses edit

  • Longing (1797)
  • Rapture: A Romance (1801)
  • New Spring (1796)
  • Spring and Life (1798)
  • Singing Match (1798)
  • The Omens in the Forest: A Romance (1801)
  • To A Loving Friend in Spring 1814 (1814)
  • Arion (1798)
  • The Poor Man and Love (1794)
  • Water: A Romance (1803)
  • Imagination (1798)
  • Poetry
  • The Poet: A Sonnet (1801)
  • A Song of Travel (1797)
  • A Spring Journey (1797)
  • Gentleness (1801)
  • Devotion (1798)
  • The Rose: A Romance (1803)
  • The Lily: A Romance (1803)
  • Loneliness (1801)
  • A Song of Loneliness (1798)
  • Night (1796)
  • On the Journey (1796)
  • Autumn Song (1796)
  • Vital Principals (1800)
  • Morning (1796)
  • Midday (1796)
  • Evening (1796)
  • The Inconsolable (1799)
  • Forest Song (1798)
  • Answer (1798)
  • Lament in the Forest (1816)
  • The Maiden's Torment (1816)
  • The Minnesinger (1803)
  • Improvised Song (1806)
  • Eyes (1808)
  • The Sigh (1808)
  • Separation (1804)
  • Love Letter (1806)
  • Song of the Fairies (1807)
  • The Sirens (1808)
  • The Water Sprite's Shanty (1797)
  • Fishing (1808)
  • Sonnets from the Unpublished Novel: "Alma, A Book of Love (1803)
  • Separation and Discovery (1804)
  • The Joy of Spring and Summer (1798)
  • Homeland (1802)
  • Epistle, To Alma (1806)
  • Greeting (1811)
  • To Fanny (1809)
  • To Stella, in Autumn 1813 (1813)
  • Memento (1799)
  • First Discovery (1808)
  • Cheerfulness (1816)
  • Feeling of Love (1797)
  • The Sound of the Shawm (1797)
  • The Sound of the Posthorn (1797)
  • Hunting Horn Tune (1797)
  • The Poet and His Voice (1797)
  • Siegfried's Youth: A Romance (1804)
  • Siegfried the Dragonslayer: A Romance (1804)
  • Weland: A Romance (1804)[42]
  • Hunting Song (1802)
  • Flowers (1802)
  • On the Departure of a Friend (1815)
  • The Faithful Eckart: A Romance (1799)[43]
  • Song of Moonlight (1798)
  • Forest, Garden and Mountain (1798)
  • Regret (1798)
  • Drinking Song (1798)
  • Lost Youth (1797)
  • The Young Man and Life (1798)
  • Secret Love (1811)
  • Sorrow (1795)
  • Song of Desire (1798)
  • Beauty and Transience (1798)
  • Sadness (1798)
  • Certainty (1795)
  • Question (1803)
  • Joy (1798)
  • Dance Music (1811)
  • Life (1795)
  • The Presence of Love (1798)
  • Confidence (1797)
  • Reassurance (1797)
  • The Unfortunate Knight: A Romance (1799)
  • The Wrathful Man: A Romance (1801)
  • Sweet Punishment (1797)
  • Poetry (1798)
  • The Miracle of Love: A Commentary (1803)
  • Grief (1803)
  • Courage (1798)
  • Uncertain Hope (1797)
  • Petition (1797)
  • The Prisoner (1797)
  • Doubts and Hesitancy (1797)
  • The Lovers (1803)
  • The Despair of Love (1799)
  • In the Forest (1797)
  • Melancholy (1793)
  • The Egoist (1793)
  • The Unfaithful Man (1792)
  • The Terrors of Doubt (1794)
  • Drunkenness and Delusion (1795)
  • Death (1794)
  • Flowers (1794)
  • Verdict (1794)
  • The Lovers Await (1797)
  • Joke (1798)
  • Importance (1798)
  • Education Abroad (1801)
  • Affability (1798)
  • Virtue (1798)
  • The Wild Huntsman (1798)
  • The Violin: A Sonata (1798)
  • The Art of the Sonnet (1805)
  • Consolation (1800)
  • Stage (1805)
  • Thalia's Lamentation in Germany (1822)
  • Epilogue to Holberg's "The Busy Man" (1807)[44]
  • Phantasus (1811)
  • Spring Greeting (1790)
  • The Impatient Lover (1803)
  • Rambling (1798)
  • The Bachelor (1812)
  • Music (1798)
  • Conversation of Spirits (1795)
  • Ariel (After Shakespeare) (1795)
  • Duet (1797)
  • Pastoral Song (1797)
  • Lament and Consolation (1797)
  • Satisfied Desire (1798)
  • The Joy of Loneliness (1798)
  • Salutations (1797)
  • Farewell (1820)
  • Distance (1798)
  • The Spinner (1797)
  • Fidelity (1801)
  • Lament (1800)
  • Early Grief (1797)
  • The Lovers (1797)
  • Art and Love (1797)
  • Longing for Italy (1796)
  • Wedding Song (1800)
  • Question (1803)
  • Love and Fidelity (1803)

Translations and editions edit

  • Conyers Middleton's "Life of Cicero" (1792-93)[45]
  • Mr Fox: A Comedy in Three Acts after Ben Jonson's "Volpone" (1793)
  • Epicoene, or The Silent Woman: A Comedy in Five Acts by Ben Jonson (1800)
  • Cervantes' "Don Quixote" (1799-1801)
  • Minnelieder from the Swabian Era (1803)
  • Maler Müller: Writings (1811)
  • Early English Theatre (1811)
  • Frauendienst (1812)
  • German Theatre (1817)
  • Shakespeare's Nursery: Volume I (1823)[46]
    • The Honourable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay: A Play by Robert Greene
    • Arden of Feversham: A Tragedy
    • The Late Lancashire Witches by Thomas Heywood
  • Shakespeare's Dramatic Works (1825-33)[47]
  • Heinrich von Kleist: Writings (1826)
  • Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz: Writings (1828)
  • Shakespeare's Nursery: Volume II (1829)
    • Fair Em: A Play
    • The Tyrant, or The Second Maiden's Tragedy: A Tragedy by Massinger[48]
    • The Birth of Merlin, or The Child Hath Found His Father: A Play by W. Shakespeare and W. Rowley
  • Four Plays by Shakespeare (1836)
    • Edward III
    • Thomas Lord Cromwell
    • Sir John Oldcastle
    • The London Prodigal
  • Das Heldenbuch[49]
  • Das Nibelungenlied[50]
  • The Rivals: A Play in Five Acts after Sheridan (1850)

Critical Writings edit

  • On the Sublime (1792)[51]
  • The Engravings of the Shakespeare Gallery in London: Letters to A Friend (1793)
  • Shakespeare's Treatment of the Supernatural (1793)
  • Tieck's Projected Book on Shakespeare: Fragments and Sketches (1795-1825)
    • Two Chapters of the Introduction (1820)
    • Earlier Draft(1800)
    • Second Somewhat Later Draft
    • Summary of the Contents in Broad Outline (1817)
    • Fragment of a Commentary to "Richard II" (1795)
    • Lady Macbeth (1825)
  • The Latest Poetry Anthologies and Pocket-Books (1796-98)
  • Remarks on Partiality, Stupidity and Malice on the Occasion of Mssrs Falk and Merkel and the Comedy "Chamaeleon" (1800)
  • Letters on Shakespeare (1800)
  • Tieck's Notice on the Continuation of Novalis' "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" (1802)
  • The Old German Minnelieder (1803)
  • Early English Theatre (1811, 1823, 1829)[52]
  • The Origins of the German Theatre (1817)
  • Dramaturgical Papers (1821-51)
  • Heinrich von Kleist (1826)
  • The Spanish Poet Vicente Espinel (1827)
  • Book Reviews (1827)
  • The New National Poetry (1827)
  • Criticism and German Literature: A Dialogue (1828)
  • Goethe and His Time (1828)
  • The Historical Development of the Modern Stage (1831)
  • The History of the Novella (1834)
  • Adelheid Reinbold (Franz Berthold) (1839, 1841)
  • A Letter to Friedrich Laun (1842)
  • On Nordic Folk-Tales (1842, 1846)
  • A Letter to the Translator of "Elektra" (1843)

Works about Tieck edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. A tragedy, possibly intended as the libretto for a Singspiel, comprising the first eleven scenes.
  2. No title. 50 leaves survive, comprising all five acts.
  3. A puppet-play after Schiller's Die Räuber. 20 leaves survive, comprising the title page, list of characters and the fifth act.
  4. A puppet-play after Goethe's drama Götz von Berlichingen. 66 leaves survive, comprising all five acts.
  5. The surviving 36 leaves comprise the first three acts.
  6. The 70 surviving pages comprise the first three acts.
  7. No title. 106 pages survive, comprising all five acts; the fifth act is unfinished.
  8. 54 leaves, comprising scenes two through thirty-seven.
  9. A short but complete dramatic scene after Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. This work, which was probably intended to be the libretto for a Singspiel, was not published until 1851.
  10. Possibly intended as a Singspiel.
  11. Probably intended as a Singspiel.
  12. A Singspiel or pastoral Liederspiel.
  13. Some commentators have read the king's name as Braddeck.
  14. 160 leaves, comprising the first three acts.
  15. 54 leaves survive; the beginning is lacking.
  16. An unfinished drama.
  17. 33 leaves survive, comprising the prologue and first act.
  18. The prologue to an intended dramatic adaptation of Tieck's Romance of Magelone the Fair and Peter Count of Provence.
  19. A dramatisation of a folk-tale. 8 leaves survive, comprising the first two scenes.
  20. Unfinished.
  21. Hanswurst was a pantomime character in comic performances on the German stage; he is the German equivalent of Jack Pudding of English tradition.
  22. A revision of The Deer, intended as an opera libretto.
  23. A Gothic novel, though Tieck calls it Eine Erzählung (A Tale).
  24. Originally entitled Adalbert und Emma.
  25. The verses in Part I comprise The Faithful Eckart: A Romance, which appeared in 1799 in Romantic Poems (Romantische Dichtungen).
  26. Phantasus is the framing story for a collection of tales and dramas, some of which had been published previously.
  27. Unfinished.
  28. Fragmentary; written before 1841. The full title is given in Tieck's manuscript as: Hütten-Meister: A Folktale-Novella, or, Chaotic Exhibitions, or, Truth and Lies, or, Biography of a Worldweary Invalid, with Confessions of a Various Kinds, and Observations on Various Subjects.
  29. Tieck's contribution (the concluding chapter) to his teacher Friedrich Eberhard Rambach's Ossianic novel Die eiserne Maske: Eine schottische Geschichte von Ottokar Sturm (The Iron Mask: A Scottish Story by Ottakar Sturm).
  30. Tieck's contribution (the completion of the concluding chapter of the second and final volume) to a picaresque collection of criminal portraits Thaten und Feinheiten renomirter Kraft- und Kniffgenies (The Deeds and Tricks of Renowned Bohemians and Swindlers) by his teacher Friedrich Eberhard Rambach.
  31. An epistolary novel.
  32. An epistolary novel.
  33. The Citizens of Schilda are the German equivalent of the Wise Men of Gotham.
  34. The paramyth is a literary form in prose or verse initiated by Herder in 1785 with a didactic intention.
  35. Attributed to Tieck, but the authorship is uncertain.
  36. An idyll Tieck contributed to his teacher Friedrich Eberhard Rambach's Ossianic novel Die eiserne Maske: Eine schottische Geschichte von Ottokar Sturm (The Iron Mask: A Scottish Story by Ottakar Sturm).
  37. An epic poem.
  38. An epic poem once thought to be by Tieck, but it is now attributed to J. G. Schmohl.
  39. Based on the 12th-century Spielmannsdichtung King Rother.
  40. These poems are taken from Tieck's romance The Fair Magelone.
  41. August Wilhelm Schlegel.
  42. Weland: Wayland the Smith, a heroic character in German mythology.
  43. These verses were republished in Phantasus (Part 1) of 1812 in Tieck's tale The Faithful Eckart and the Tannenhäuser.
  44. Ludvig Holberg's comedy Den Stundeslöse.
  45. Volume 3. The first two volumes were translated into German by G. K. F. Seidel, Tieck's teacher at the Friedrich-Werder-Gymnasium in Berlin.
  46. Translations of anonymous Elizabethan plays, several of which Tieck attributed to Shakespeare.
  47. The Schlegel-Tieck Shakespeare: German translations by August Wilhelm von Schlegel, Ludwig Tieck, Tieck's daughter Dorothea, and her husband Wolf Heinrich Graf von Baudissin.
  48. This play is now attributed to Thomas Middleton. In Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works (Oxford, 2007), the play, whose original title is unknown (the title page of the only surviving manuscript is missing), has been renamed The Lady's Tragedy.
  49. Unfinished. See King Rother above.
  50. Unfinished.
  51. Unfinished essay.
  52. Tieck's prefaces to his translations of early English plays.

 

Some or all works by this author were published before January 1, 1929, and are in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. Translations or editions published later may be copyrighted. Posthumous works may be copyrighted based on how long they have been published in certain countries and areas.

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