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- Chapter XXXII. Muhammad and Arab Islam
§ 1. | Arabia before Muhammad ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 1
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§ 2. | Life of Muhammad to the Hegira ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 4
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§ 3. | Muhammad becomes a fighting prophet ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 8
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§ 4. | The teachings of Islam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 14
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§ 5. | The caliphs Abu Bekr and Omar ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 16
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§ 6. | The great days of the Omayyads ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 22
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§ 7. | The decay of Islam under the Abbasids ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 31
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§ 8. | The intellectual life of Arab Islam ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 34
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- Chapter XXXIII. Christendom and the Crusades
§ 1. | The Western world at its lowest ebb ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 40
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§ 2. | The feudal system ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 42
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§ 3. | The Frankish kingdom of the Merovingians ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 46
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§ 4. | The Christianization of the western barbarians ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 48
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§ 5. | Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 54
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§ 6. | The personality of Charlemagne ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 59
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§ 7. | The French and the Germans become distinct ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 61
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§ 8. | The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the Seljuk
Turks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 64
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§ 9. | How Constantinople appealed to Rome ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 72
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§ 10. | The Crusades ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 76
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§ 11. | The Crusades a test of Christianity ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 84
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§ 12. | The Emperor Frederick II ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 86
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§ 13. | Defects and limitations of the papacy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 90
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§ 14. | A list of leading Popes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 96
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THE GREAT MONGOL EMPIRES OF THE LAND WAYS AND THE NEW EMPIRES OF THE SEA WAYS
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- Chapter XXXIV. The Great Empire of Jengis Khan and his Successors
§ 1. | Asia at the end of the twelfth century ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 105
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§ 2. | The rise and victories of the Mongols ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 108
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§ 3. | The travels of Marco Polo ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 114
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§ 4. | The Ottoman Turks, the Turkish Caliph, and Constantinople ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 120 |
§ 5. | Why the Mongols were not Christianized ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 126
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§ 5a. | Kublai Khan founds the Yuan dynasty ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 127
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§ 5b. | The Mongols revert to tribalism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 128
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§ 5c. | The Kipchak empire and the Tsar of Muscovy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 128
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§ 5d. | Timurlane ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 130
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§ 5e. | The Mongol empire of India ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 133
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§ 5f. | The Mongols and the Gipsies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 137
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- Chapter XXXV. The Renascence of Western Civilization
§ 1. | Christianity and popular education ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 139
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§ 2. | Europe begins to think for itself ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 148
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§ 3. | The Great Plague and the dawn of communism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 153
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§ 4. | How paper liberated the human mind ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 158
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§ 5. | Protestantism of the princes and Protestantism of the peoples ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 160
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§ 6. | The reawakening of science ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 167
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§ 7. | The new growth of European towns ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 177
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§ 8. | America comes into history ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 184
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§ 9. | What Machiavelli thought of the world ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 194
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§ 10. | The republic of Switzerland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 198
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§ 11a. | The life of the Emperor Charles V ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 199
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§ 11b. | Protestants if the prince wills it ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 210
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§ 11c. | The intellectual under-tow ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 210
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THE AGE OF THE GREAT POWERS
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- Chapter XXXVI. Princes, Parliaments, and Powers
§ 1. | Princes and foreign policy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 213
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§ 2. | The English republic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 218
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§ 3. | The Dutch republic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 228
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§ 4. | The break-up and disorder of Germany ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 232
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§ 5. | The splendours of Grand Monarchy in Europe ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 236
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§ 6. | The growth of the idea of Great Powers ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 243
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§ 7. | The crowned republic of Poland and its fate ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 248
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§ 8. | The first scramble for empire overseas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 251
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§ 9. | Britain dominates India ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 254
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§ 10. | Russia's ride to the Pacific ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 259
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§ 11. | What Gibbon thought of the world in 1780 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 262
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§ 12. | The social truce draws to an end ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 269
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- Chapter XXXVII. The New Democratic Republics of America and France
§ 1. | Inconveniences of the Great Power system ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 278
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§ 2. | The thirteen colonies before their revolt ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 280 |
§ 3. | Civil war is forced upon the colonies ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 286
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§ 4. | The War of Independence ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 291
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§ 5. | The constitution of the United States ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 294
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§ 6. | Primitive features of the United States constitution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 301
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§ 7. | Revolutionary ideas in France ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 307
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§ 8. | The Revolution of the year 1789 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 311
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§ 9. | The French "crowned republic" of '89–'91 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 313
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§ 10. | The Revolution of the Jacobins ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 321
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§ 11. | The Jacobin republic, 1792–4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 331
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§ 12. | The Directory ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 337
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§ 13. | The pause in reconstruction and the dawn of modern Socialism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 339
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- Chapter XXXVIII. The Career of Napoleon Bonaparte
§ 1. | The Buonaparte family in Corsica ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 348
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§ 2. | Bonaparte as a republican general ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 349
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§ 3. | Napoleon First Consul, 1799–1804 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 354
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§ 4. | Napoleon I Emperor, 1804–1814 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 360
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§ 5. | The Hundred Days ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 368
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§ 6. | The cult of the Napoleonic ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 373
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§ 7. | The map of Europe in 1815 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 377
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- Chapter XXXIX. The Realities and Imagination of the Nineteenth Century. The Increase of Knowledge and Clear Thinking. The Nationalist Phase
§ 1. | The mechanical revolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 384
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§ 2. | Relation of the mechanical to the industrial revolution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 393
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§ 3. | The fermentation of ideas, 1848 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 399
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§ 4. | The development of the idea of Socialism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 401
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§ 5. | Shortcomings of Socialism as a scheme of human society ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 411
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§ 6. | How Darwinism affected religious and political ideas ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 416
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§ 7. | Mr. Gladstone and the idea of Nationalism ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 426
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§ 8. | Europe between 1848 and 1878 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 436
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§ 9. | The (second) scramble for overseas empires ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 449
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§ 10. | The Indian precedent in Asia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 461
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§ 11. | The history of Japan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 464
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§ 12. | Close of the period of overseas expansion ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 469
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§ 13. | The British Empire in 1914 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 470
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- Chapter XL. The International Catastrophe of 1914 and the Close of the Great Power Period
§ 1. | The armed peace before the Great War ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 475
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§ 2. | Imperial Germany ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 477
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§ 3. | The spirit of Imperialism in Britain and Ireland ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 486
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§ 4. | Imperialism in France, Italy, and the Balkans ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 499
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§ 5. | Russia still a Grand Monarchy in 1914 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 502 |
§ 6. | The United States and the Imperial idea ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 503
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§ 7. | The immediate causes of the Great War ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 508
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§ 8. | A summary of the Great War up to 1917 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 513
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§ 9. | The Great War from the Russian collapse to the armistice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 524
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§ 10. | The political, economic, and social disorganization caused by the Great War ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 532
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§ 11. | President Wilson and the problems of Versailles ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 543
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§ 12. | Summary Of the first Covenant of the League of Nations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 558
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§ 13. | A general outline of the treaties of 1919 and 1920 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 562
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§ 14. | A forecast of the "next war" ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 567
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§ 15. | The state of men's minds in 1920 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 572
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THE NEXT STAGE IN HISTORY
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- Chapter XLI. Man's Coming of Age. The Probable Struggle for the Unification of the World into One Community of Knowledge and Will
§ 1. | The possible unification of men's wills in political matters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 579
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§ 2. | How a Federal World Government may come about ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 583
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§ 3. | Some fundamental characteristics of a modern world state ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 586
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§ 4. | What this world might be like, were men united in a common peace and justice ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 588
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§ 5. | The stages beyond? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 594
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Five Time Charts of the World's Affairs from b.c. 1000 to a.d. 1920 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 599
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A Chronological Table from 800 b.c. to a.d. 1920 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 605
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Index ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ | 625
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